Czech–Slovak languages


The Czech and Slovak languages form the Czech–Slovak subgroup within the West Slavic languages.
Most varieties of Czech and Slovak are mutually intelligible, forming a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages; standardised forms of these two languages are, however, easily distinguishable and recognizable. Because of disparate vocabulary, orthography, pronunciation, phonology, suffixes and prefixes, the eastern Slovak dialects are more divergent and form a broader dialect continuum with the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic, most notably Polish.
The name "Czechoslovak language" is mostly reserved for an official written standard intended to unify Czech and Slovak created in the 19th century.

History

The early Slavic expansion reached Central Europe in c. the 7th century, and the West Slavic dialects diverged from Common Slavic over the following centuries.
The West Slavic tribes settled on the eastern fringes of the Carolingian Empire, along the Limes Saxoniae. Prior to the Magyar invasion of Pannonia in the 890s, the West Slavic polity of Great Moravia spanned much of Central Europe between what is now Eastern Germany and Western Romania.
In the high medieval period, the West Slavic tribes were again pushed to the east by the incipient German Ostsiedlung, decisively so following the Wendish Crusade in the 11th century.
West Slavic as a group distinct from Common Slavic thus emerges during the 7th to 9th centuries.
The Czech-Slovak in turn develops as a separate dialect continuum within West Slavic during roughly the 10th to 12th centuries, just predating the first written attestation of the language in the 13th to 14th centuries. The diversification of West Slavic had the characteristic of a dialect continuum. For example, the spirantisation of Slavic /g/ to /h/ is an areal feature shared by the Czech-Slovak group with both Ukrainian and Sorbian. This innovation appears to have travelled from east to west, and is sometimes attributed to contact with Scytho-Sarmatian. It is approximately dated to the 12th century in Slovak, the 12th to 13th century in Czech and the 14th century in Upper Sorbian.
The Bohemian state was incorporated as the Kingdom of Bohemia in the 13th century. The Slovaks, on the other hand, never became part of the Holy Roman Empire in the medieval period, being incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary.
For this reason, the history of the closely related Czech and Slovak peoples took a significantly different course during the later medieval period, the Czechs being associated with the Holy Roman Empire and the Slovaks being affected by the history of Eastern Europe. In the 16th century, however, they were once again united under Habsburg rule, and after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy sharing their own country of Czechoslovakia during 1918-1993.
In the modern period, the spoken language of Bohemia became influenced by the written standard and developed into Common Czech, largely effacing dialectal variation within Bohemia.
By contrast, Moravia remained dialectally diverse, with a series of variants intermediate between Czech and Slovak, and are thus sometimes viewed as dialects of Slovak rather than Czech.
The Czech–Slovak group was summarized under the term "Bohemian–Moravian–Slovak" in the Austrian census of Cisleithania beginning in the 1880s.
The Czechoslovak language was an attempt to create a single written standard, first proposed during the national revival in the 1830s and the official language of the First Czechoslovak Republic from 1920-1938.
In television and radio, Czech and Slovak were used in equal ratios. Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech and Slovak written standards have been the official languages of the Czech and Slovak Republics, respectively.
Beginning in the 1990s, a political movement of Moravian linguistic separatism has developed.
On the occasion of 2011 Census of the Czech Republic, several Moravian organizations led a campaign to promote the Moravian nationality and language. The 2011 census recorded 108,000 native speakers of Moravian.

Varieties

The Czech-Slovak dialect continuum historically blended into Silesian in the west and Old Ruthenian in the east. With the development of the written standards in the 19th century, it has become less diversified, but there remains a pronounced dialectal division in Moravia.
The southeastern Moravian dialects, in particular, are sometimes considered dialects of Slovak rather than Czech, e.g. using the same declension patterns for nouns and pronouns and the same verb conjugations as Slovak.
In a 1964 textbook on Czech dialectology, Břetislav Koudela used the sentence "Put the flour from the mill in the cart" to highlight phonetic differences between dialects:

Comparison of written standards

The following comparison concerns the contemporary written standards:
;Orthography
Slovak graphemes that do not exist in the Czech language are: ä, ľ, ĺ, ŕ, ô, dz, dž. Czech graphemes that do not exist in the Slovak language are: ě, ř and ů.
;Phonology
Slovak has the following phonemes which Czech does not have:,, , and the diphthongs ,,, ; and on the contrary, Czech has.
Slovak, unlike Czech, uses palatal consonants more frequently, but there are some exceptions. Slovak de, te, ne are usually pronounced as the Czech dě, tě, ně.
The "Rhythmic Law" in Slovak prohibits two adjacent long syllables.
;Grammar
Slovak grammar is somewhat more regular than the grammar of literary Czech, since present-day standard Slovak was not codified until the 19th century.
The two languages have differences in declension and conjugation endings and paradigms.
Slovak does not commonly use the vocative case, while the Czech vocative is still very much alive.
Slovak uses the passive voice formed like in English less than Czech, and prefers the passive voice formed using the reflexive pronoun sa instead.
;Lexicon
Lexical differences are mostly of simple historical origin. As for professional terminology, except for biology, the Czech terminology was mostly taken over for practical reasons. The Czech-Slovak Dictionary of Different Terms contains some 11,000 entries :
EnglishSlovakCzech
yeahhejjo
ifakjestli, jestliže, -li
really, actuallynaozajopravdu
just, onlyiba, lenpouze, jenom
to likepáčiť salíbit se
as welltiežtaké, taky
butveďvždyť
hothorúcihorký
let, maynechať
to wishželaťpřát
to seezbadaťspatřit
next topoprivedle
cemeterycintorínhřbitov
especiallynajmäpředevším, obzvlášť, zejména
to forgive, to excuseprepáčiťprominout
apart from, besidesokremkromě, mimo, vyjma
operation prevádzkaprovoz, chod
trafficpremávkaprovoz
warvojnaválka
currentterajšístávající
badzlýšpatný
worse horšiehůř
to goísťjet, jít
as soon aslen čojakmile
to forgetzabudnúťzapomenout
oncerazjednou
nextbudúcipříští
ballloptamíč
buttongombíkknoflík
pubkrčmahospoda
stamppečiatkarazítko
roomizbapokoj
to acquirenadobudnúťnabýt
behavioursprávaniechování
to listenpočuťslyšet
to watch pozerať dívat se na
to lookpozeraťkoukat
to look likevyzeraťvypadat
to say, to speakpovedať, vravieťříct, mluvit
pocketvreckokapsa
to clean upupratovaťuklízet
becausekeďžejelikož
surnamepriezviskopříjmení
cellarpivnicasklep
includingvrátanevčetně
autumnjeseňpodzim
be called,volať sajmenovat se
boychalankluk
girldievčaholka, děvče
breakfastraňajkysnídaně
to countrátať, počítaťpočítat
snackolovrantsvačina
to clug, to stuffpchaťcpát
laundrybielizeňprádlo
presstlačtisk
althoughhociačkoliv
pillowvankúšpolštář
that isčižečili
thirstsmädžízeň
strike štrajkstávka
bet, wager, stakestávkasázka
racepretekyzávod
Good byedovideniana shledanou
catmačkakočka
blackbirddrozdkos
to kissbozkaťlíbat
nowterazteď, nyní
goodstovarzboží
potatoeszemiakybrambory
trapklepec, pascapast, léčka
the same, equalrovnakýstejný
dishesriadnádobí
tissue, handkerchiefvreckovkakapesník
be surprised, wonderčudovať sadivit se
pencilceruzkatužka
perhapsazda, vari, snáďsnad
easyľahkýsnadný
troubleťažkosťpotíž, nesnáz
baggagebatožinazavazadlo
branchkonárvětev
to meetstretnúť sasetkat se, potkat
spinechrbticapáteř
he/she/it is notnie jenení
to do, to makerobiť, spraviťdělat, udělat
to apologize, to excuseospravedlniť saomluvit se
to smokefajčiťkouřit
whateverhocičo, voľačoleccos, cokoliv
blueberryčučoriedkaborůvka
apricotmarhuľameruňka
cabbagekapustazelí
Savoy cabbagekelkapusta
legume, pulsesstrukovinyluštěniny
chickpeascícercizrna
lentilsšošovicačočka
ryeražžito
demanddopytpoptávka
offer; supplyponukanabídka
early, soonskoro, čoskorobrzy
earlier, soonerskôrdřív
lateneskorý, neskoropozdní, opožděný, pozdě
laterneskôrpozději
suddenlyzrazunajednou
fairy talerozprávkapohádka
tramwayelektričkatramvaj
porkbravčovévepřové
muttonbaraninaskopové
breastfeeddojčiťkojit
infantdojčakojenec
babybábätkomiminko
rest zvyšokzbytek
lipsperyrty
lipstickrúžrtěnka
flockkŕdeľhejno
railway station stanicanádraží
despitenaprieknavzdory
whenkeďkdyž
glass pohársklenice, sklenička
pepperčierne koreniepepř
illchorýnemocný
illnesschorobanemoc
dotbodkatečka
wallmúrzeď
bricklayermurárzedník
shoulderplecerameno
to heatkúriťtopit
turtlekorytnačkaželva
camelťavavelbloud
evenpárnysudý
oddnepárnylichý
finallynapokonnakonec
butchermäsiarřezník
slim, thinchudýhubený
poorchudobnýchudý

Examples of words with different meanings : SK topiť – CZ topit, SK kúriť – CZ kouřit, SK rameno – CZ rameno, SK horký – CZ horký but hořký, SK stávka – CZ stávka, SK chudý – CZ chudý, SK kapusta – CZ kapusta, SK pivnica – CZ pivnice, SK syrový – CZ syrový, SK spraviť – CZ spravit.
Czech months are of Slavic origin, whereas the Slovak months are of Latin origin.
Although most words are in fact different, they are largely similar, being cognates, which makes both languages mutually intelligible to a significant extent; e.g. foreign, reason, to want, to promise, if, river, wedding, who, to ask, to fail, almost, thanks.

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Slovak and Czech, of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights :
English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Czech: Všichni lidé se rodí svobodní a sobě rovní v důstojnosti i právech. Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství.
Slovak:
Všetci ľudia sa rodia slobodní a rovní v dôstojnosti aj právach. Sú obdarení rozumom
a svedomím a majú sa k sebe správať v duchu bratstva.