Violence in ice hockey


Violence has been a part of ice hockey since at least the early 1900s. According to the book , in 1904 alone, four players were killed during hockey games from the frequent brawls and violent stickwork.
More modern examples of violence include brawls, fan involvement, physical abuse of officials and deliberately injuring opponents. Violent actions such as kicking, hitting from behind and prohibited stickwork, are penalized with suspensions or fines. Fighting, or fisticuffs, is also penalized but is considered by many hockey enthusiasts, particularly in North America, to be quite distinct from stick-swinging or other violent acts. They regard fighting as an entrenched, acceptable and integral part of the game.
On the ice, referees may impose penalties for prohibited activities. Off the ice, the National Hockey League sometimes fines, suspends or expels players. The criminal justice system has also been known to investigate, charge and convict players. As a result, hockey has become much more regulated and the violent element much more controlled. This has been aided, in no small part, by dramatic increases in disciplinary processes and technology allowing for a high level of scrutiny of any event which occurs.

History

Early hockey in particular was noted for its extreme violence, to the point where two players were killed in three years during brawls. In both cases, the accused assailants were acquitted, but these and other bloody incidents led to calls for the sport to clean up its act or be banned along with the likes of cockfighting. The worst of the violence waned, particularly with the advent of regulations for quasi-legal fisticuffs, though incidents continue to occur from time to time.
Cully Wilson, right winger with the Seattle Metropolitans, slashed Vancouver Millionaires center Mickey MacKay over the mouth during the 1919 PCHA season. MacKay suffered a fractured jaw and missed the rest of the season. When the season was over PCHA chief disciplinarian Frank Patrick banned Wilson from the league. Wilson never played in the PCHA again after the incident.
Billy Coutu was the first, and to date only, player banned from the NHL for life for violence in 1927; he assaulted referee Jerry Laflamme and tackled referee Billy Bell before starting a bench-clearing brawl during a Stanley Cup game between the Boston Bruins and Ottawa Senators, apparently on the orders of Bruins Head Coach Art Ross. The NHL's first president, Frank Calder, expelled Coutu from the NHL for life; the ban was lifted after two-and-a-half years, but Coutu never played in the NHL again.
Other incidents include the December 12, 1933, event when Eddie Shore rammed Toronto Maple Leafs star Ace Bailey from behind, causing Bailey to strike his head on the ice; Bailey never played hockey again. More recently, controversy and criminal charges have resulted from violent attacks by Marty McSorley, Todd Bertuzzi and Chris Simon.
Players who are banned in the American Hockey League for violence are not permitted in the ECHL, and vice versa, because of their agreements with the Professional Hockey Players' Association.
In January 2012, David Johnston, the Governor General of Canada, said that violence such as headshots, high-sticking and fighting should not be part of the sport.

Reports investigating violence

There have been two major Canadian reports on violence in hockey. In 1974, William McMurtry provided a report for the Government of Ontario entitled Investigation and Inquiry into Violence in Amateur Hockey. In 2000, Bernie Pascall prepared a report for the Government of British Columbia entitled Eliminating Violence in Hockey.

On-ice incidents resulting in charges

All of these incidents are in the NHL of the United States and Canada, unless noted otherwise.
NameTeamLengthDateOffense
Los Angeles Kings5 1/2 yearsUnacceptable off ice conduct
Boston Bruins2 1/2 yearsAssaulted referee Jerry Laflamme, tackled referee Billy Bell and started a Stanley Cup bench-clearing brawl, apparently on the orders of coach Art Ross
Detroit Red Wings2 yearsMentioned above
Barys Astana 1 1/2 yearsInitiated a violent bench-clearing brawl against Tomáš Marcinko and other players from Red Star Kunlun during a preseason game
Hamilton Bulldogs 89 gamesSlashed Garrett Stafford in the head
Vancouver Canucks17 months
Mentioned above
Rögle BK 10 1/2 monthsAssaulted unsuspecting Per Helmersson during a warmup
Erie Otters 68 games Check to the head of the Kitchener Rangers' Ben Fanelli, giving him a fractured skull. Suspension ended Liambas' OHL career. Fanelli eventually recovered.
San Jose Sharks41 gamesIllegal check to the head on Jakob Silfverberg and interference
New York Islanders30 gamesStomped on Jarkko Ruutu's ankle during a timeout
Ari LähteenmäkiHIFK 27 gamesCross-checked Petri Lampinen in the face, and struck his head into the ice repeatedly. Longest suspension in SM-liiga's history.
Nashville Predators27 gamesUnacceptable off-ice conduct
Chris SimonNew York Islanders25 gamesSlashed Ryan Hollweg in the head
Philadelphia Flyers25 gamesCross-checked Ryan Kesler in the face
Boston Bruins23 gamesMentioned above
Tampa Bay Lightning23 gamesLeft the penalty box to try and engage in a fight and verbally and physically abused officials during a preseason game
MoDo Hockey 22 gamesIntentionally skated into an official
Washington Capitals21 gamesDeliberately hit and injured Pierre Turgeon after Turgeon had scored
Raffi TorresPhoenix Coyotes21 gamesIllegal check of Marián Hossa in the head
Matt NickersonMilton Keynes Lightning
20 gamesJanuary 2018Abusing an official and striking a fan
Chicago Black Hawks20 gamesAutomatic suspension for intentionally tripping linesman Ron Foyt with his stick
Phoenix Coyotes20 gamesSlashed Steve Heinze in the nose
Philadelphia Flyers20 gamesThrew himself at Dean McAmmond behind the net
Calgary Flames20 gamesCross-checked linesman Don Henderson from behind
Niagara IceDogs 20 gamesCharging and elbowing Ryan Murphy
Rouyn-Noranda Huskies 20 gamesElbowing Mikael Tam
Sparta Warriors 20 gamesForcefully and repeatedly punching a defenseless opponent in the head during a post-game brawl.
Tom WilsonWashington Capitals20 gamesOctober 2018Illegal check to the head on Oskar Sundqvist during a preseason game
Sergei BelokonVityaz Chekhov 18 gamesDecember 2010Deliberately hit and injured Roman Červenka and Martin Škoula
Jokerit 18 gamesSeptember 2012Assaulted Ville Peltonen by illegally checking him and beating him while he was down; the team was also fined €40,000.
Pittsburgh Penguins17 gamesElbowed Ryan McDonagh in the head. Cooke was suspended for remainder of regular season and round one of 2011 playoffs.
Luleå HF 17 gamesAttacked a referee over a goal that Javeblad disagreed with
Boston Bruins16 gamesSucker punched Ace Bailey from behind
Vienna Capitals 16 gamesAttacked the referee after a high stick infraction was not called.
Montreal Canadiens15 gamesKnocked out linesman Cliff Thompson during a fight with Hal Laycoe; this incident led to the Richard Riot. Richard was suspended for the rest of the 1954–55 season including playoffs.
Colorado Rockies15 gamesCaused deliberate facial injuries to Dennis Polonich
Philadelphia Flyers15 gamesCross-checked and injured Tomas Sandström. Brown was suspended for 13 regular season games and 2 games against the New York Rangers.
Los Angeles Kings15 gamesSlashed Neil Wilkinson in the head.
Boston Bruins15 gamesPunched Brooks Orpik in the head while he was on his back on the ice.
Vålerenga Ishockey 15 gamesKnocking Lørenskog player Eerikki Koivu down to the ice, then repeatedly punching his head as he was down.
Josh GrattonVityaz Chekhov 15 gamesDecember 2010Participating in a mass-brawl.
Vityaz Chekhov 14 gamesDeliberately hit and injured Roman Červenka and Martin Škoula
Linköpings HC 14 gamesIllegal check to the head on Magnus Kahnberg that caused a concussion requiring hospitalization. Karlsson was suspended for 11 SHL games plus 3 national team games.
Tom Wilson Washington Capitals14 gamesSeptember 2018Illegal check to the head on Oskar Sundqvist during a preseason game.
St. Louis Blues30 daysMentioned above
Boston Bruins13 gamesMentioned above
Tampa Bay Lightning13 gamesLeft the penalty box and physically abused a linesman while trying to start a fight with players in the New York Rangers penalty box.
Ässät 13 gamesCharged Valtteri Hietanen with a check to the head
New York Rangers12 gamesSlashed Mario Lemieux in the throat
Philadelphia Flyers12 gamesAttacked Chris Chelios
Los Angeles Kings12 gamesSucker punched Jeff Beukeboom in the back of the head
San Jose Sharks12 gamesLeft the bench to attack Mattias Norström
Darcy VerotVityaz Chekhov 12 gamesDeliberately hit and injured Roman Červenka and Martin Škoula
San Jose Sharks11 gamesHit Grant Marshall in the face with his stick
Toronto Maple Leafs11 gamesElbowed Scott Niedermayer in the face. Domi was suspended for the remainder of the 2001 playoffs.
Winnipeg Jets10 gamesMentioned above
Peter LindmarkMalmö IF 10 gamesSwung his stick at the referee's head
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim10 gamesChecked Mike Modano face-first into the boards from behind
New Jersey Devils10 gamesSlashed Peter Worrell in the head
Los Angeles Kings10 gamesAutomatic suspension for returning to the ice to engage in a brawl after being ejected for roughing an opponent.
Pittsburgh Penguins10 gamesAutomatic suspension for leaving the bench to fight Micheal Haley after Haley had challenged Pittsburgh goalie, Brent Johnson during the Penguins-Islanders brawl.
New York Islanders10 gamesDangerous hit on Cal Clutterbuck in first game back from a nine-game suspension as a result of the Penguins-Islanders brawl.
Toronto Maple Leafs10 gamesAutomatic suspension for leaving the bench to engage in a fight
Phoenix Coyotes10 gamesAutomatic suspension for leaving the bench to fight a Los Angeles Kings player on an illegal ice change
Buffalo Sabres10 gamesDelivered illegal check to the head of Jack Johnson
Anaheim Ducks10 gamesAutomatic suspension for slashing linesman Shandor Alphonso
Detroit Red Wings10 gamesAutomatic suspension for returning to the ice to engage in an altercation with Matthew Tkachuk after being ejected by the officials
Philadelphia Flyers10 gamesSlashed Mathieu Perreault in the neck