Nilakanta Krishnan


Nilakanta Krishnan, PVSM, DSC was an Indian Navy Admiral. He was the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Naval Command during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War. He is credited with using a very innovative strategy, while commanding the Eastern Navy which had the aircraft carrier , in the Bay of Bengal. He is believed to have tricked the Pakistani submarine, which was on a search and destroy mission, into entering Visakhapatnam; where it was eliminated.

Early life

Krishnan was born into a reputed Tamil Brahmin Iyer family based in Nagercoil. He was the youngest son of Rao Bahadur Mahadeva Nilakanta Ayyar, an Executive Engineer. He went on to serve as the Superintending engineer of Madras Presidency. While his eldest brother, Nilakanta Mahadeva Ayyar pursued his career in the Indian Civil Service, Krishnan joined the Royal Indian Navy. Krishnan’s other brothers included Nilakanta Ganapathy Iyer and Nilakanta Anjaneya Subramanian. NA Subramanian was a Constitutional lawyer and a professor at Madras Law College and author of the book Case Law on the Indian Constitution. The middle brother was Dr Nilakanta Sitaraman, a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and a prominent doctor in their hometown Nagercoil.
In 1935, Krishnan was successful in the entrance examination and joined the Indian Mercantile Marine Training Ship Dufferin. After two years, he topped the class in the examination for entry into the Navy. He was one of the two cadets who were successful and joined the Royal Navy - the other being Jal Cursetji.

Naval career

Krishnan embarked for the United Kingdom and joined the monitor. Subsequently he trained on board the Hawkins-class cruiser. In late 1938, after the end of his training, he was promoted to the rank of midshipman and posted to the, a part of the 8th Destroyer Flotilla.

World War II

In 1937, Krishnan was serving on the Foxhound during the outbreak of World War II. In late 1939, he was transferred to the County-class cruiser, which was a part of the Northern Patrol. He served onboard the Suffolk when she participated in the Norwegian Campaign. In April 1940, the ship arrived at Tórshavn to commence the British pre-emptive occupation of the Faroe Islands and she sank the German tanker Skagerrak northwest of Bodø, Norway. Later in the month, Suffolk and four destroyers,,, and, were sent to bombard the airfield at Sola, Norway. The operation had little effect and the retaliation from German bombers severely damaged the aft of the ship, forcing her to return to Scapa Flow. He was subsequently transferred to the Renown-class battlecruiser.
Krishnan was promoted to the rank of Acting Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Indian Navy on 1 September 1940 and underwent training at Portsmouth. He served in the United Kingdom during the Battle of Britain. On 20 January 1941, he joined the survey ship. The ship left Bombay and was assigned patrolling duty off the coast of Iraq. At Basra, he was given command of a tugboat which acted as a tender to the Grimsby-class sloop.
In August 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union invaded Iran, with the sloop in charge of the landings at Khorramshahr, carrying two companies of the 3/10th Baluch Regiment. She was accompanied by the Yarra and the Investigator. During this mission, Krishnan's tug was to standby and assist if necessary. The jetty had four gunboats, one of which started firing at the tug. Krishnan brought his ship alongside the gunboat and boarded it. The ship was captured after a brief firefight. Twenty prisoners were captured and three were killed. Khorramshahr was captured and the Iranian sloop sunk and two Iranian gunboats captured.
For this action, Krishnan was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He was the first recipient of the award in the Royal Indian Navy.
The citation for the DSC reads as follows:
Krishnan was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on 16 August 1941. In early 1942, he was given command of the gunboat he had captured and designated senior officer of the fleet of three gunboats consisting of the Simorgh, Shahbaz and Shahrokh. The flotilla was to report at Bombay en route Karachi. Later that year, he took command of the Basset-class trawler.
In late 1942, Krishnan was posted as an instructor at the Boys' training establishment at Karachi. After a short stint of about six months, he was selected to undergo the navigation course at HMS Dryad. While undergoing the course, he was awarded his DSC in a ceremony at the Buckingham Palace. He received the award from Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Wing Commander Guy Gibson received his Distinguished Service Order and Lieutenant Syed Mohammad Ahsan received his DSC in the same ceremony.
In December, after his return from the United Kingdom, he was posted to the Emerald-class cruiser, which was a part of the Eastern Fleet. Shortly after that, he was transferred to the Crown Colony-class cruiser. In June 1943, he was posted as an instructor at the HMIS Feroze in Bombay.

Post-Independence

During the partition of India, Krishnan was posted to the HMIS Himalaya in Karachi as the Officer in charge Chamak, the radar school. After a short stint, he returned to India and given command of the Motor Launch ML 420 as an escort to two Landing Ship, Tanks. The LSTs were to be part of a naval force consisting of three sloops -, and the, two fleet minesweepers - and which participated in the Annexation of Junagarh. The naval force was commanded by Commander Ram Dass Katari, who later became the first Indian Chief of the Naval Staff. After establishing a communication centre at Porbandar, Krishnan was appointed Naval Liaison Officer to the Commander of the Kathiawar Defence Force, Brigadier Gurdial Singh.
In late-1947, Krishnan was promoted to the acting rank of Lieutenant Commander and appointed Senior Officer Reserve Fleet. The fleet consisted of multiple wartime ships which were now put in reserve and was now based at Trombay. A few months later, he moved to Naval headquarters as the Staff Officer in the Plans and Intelligence directorate, headed by Commander Adhar Kumar Chatterji. He was promoted to substantive Lieutenant Commander on 16 August 1949. Subsequently, he replaced Chatterji as the Director of Naval Plans and Intelligence at Naval HQ. Krishnan, as Director of Naval Plans and Intelligence, was part of the Joint Planning Committee consisting of Directors of Plans of the three services. Lieutenant Colonel Sam Manekshaw, Director of Military Operations and Wing Commander Pratap Chandra Lal, Director of Policy and Plans were also a part of the JPC.
On 19 December 1949, he was promoted to the acting rank of Commander. He was selected to attend the Joint Services Staff College at Latimer, Buckinghamshire. After the six-month course, he was appointed Deputy Naval Advisor to the High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom V. K. Krishna Menon at India House, London. During this stint, he underwent a two-month attachment with the Town-class cruiser. In 1951, Krishnan returned to India was appointed Commander of the 31st Minesweeping Squadron. Afte ra short stint, he was given command of the t raining ship. In 1952, to commemorate the Coronation of Elizabeth II, a massive Coronation review of the fleet was held at Portsmouth. The flagship INS Delhi, destroyer and frigate represented India at the review. A naval armada consisting of ships from the Indian Navy, Royal Navy, Royal Australian Navy and the Royal New Zealand Navy sailed from Portsmouth to Gibraltar. The fleet carried out exercises along the way and was under the command of Lord Mountbatten. Subsequently, the Indian ships continued conducting exercises with the Mediterranean Fleet. They sailed from Gibraltar to Malta, the Greek islands and to Istanbul.
Krishnan was promoted to substantive Commander on 30 June 1952. On 15 July 1955, Krishnan was appointed Director of Personnel Services at Naval HQ, with the acting rank of Captain. He was appointed Deputy Secretary in the Cabinet Secretariat on 9 January 1956, and was promoted to the substantive rank of Captain on 31 December 1957. On 18 March 1958, he was promoted to Commodore 2nd Class while still serving as Deputy Secretary in the Cabinet Secretariat.
On 23 December 1958, Krishnan reverted to his permanent rank of Captain and took over as the Commanding Officer of the Leander-class cruiser. He was in command of the Delhi for two-and-a-half years. In June 1959, he led the Delhi which was part of the Indian fleet which embarked on a ten-week exercise. The flagship Mysore was escorted by the Kaveri and Kistna. The 14th frigate squadron comprising and and the 11th destroyer squadron comprising, and also joined them. The ships called on ports on the east coast of India and the Andaman Islands. In March 1960, the Delhi, under Krishnan was part of the fleet in the Joint Commonwealth exercises which was the largest till then, with the Royal Navy, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Ceylon Navy, Pakistan Navy, Royal New Zealand Navy and Royal Malaysian Navy participating. Under him, the ship also called on Penang and spent five days on a goodwill mission.
In June 1961, Krishnan was appointed Commanding Officer of the Navy's Engineering College INS Shivaji in Lonavala. Shortly thereafter, in December, he was asked by the Chief of the Naval Staff, Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari, to take command of the Delhi immediately and prepare her to put to sea in two weeks. The ship was to participate in the Annexation of Goa providing distant support to the Indian Army units storming Diu. On 11 December, he positioned the ship close to the coast and fired a barrage on the Diu Fortress. She also sunk four ships off the harbour and sent a landing party to the citadel of the fortress and hoist the Indian Flag. After the annexation, he returned to INS Shivaji and was in command for a year.
On 16 April 1963, Krishnan was appointed the second Commanding Officer of the aircraft carrier, then the only aircraft carrier in Asia. While the carrier was in dry dock, he did a short operational stint on board Royal Navy's, which later joined the Indian Navy as. He led the carrier in a commonwealth joint exercise off Singapore as well as on joint exercises with the Indian Army off the coast of Madras in August 1964. After an eighteen-month stint, he was selected to attend the Imperial Defence College in the United Kingdom.
After completing the course, Krishnan was promoted to the rank of Commodore on 1 January 1966. He was appointed Naval Advisor to the High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom Jivraj Narayan Mehta at India House, London. After a year as Naval Advisor, he took over as Chief of Naval Aviation at Naval HQ on 17 January 1967. In June, he was sent to Ghana as an advisor to the Ghana Navy in the aftermath of the 1966 Coup d'état.

Flag Rank

On 12 December 1967, Krishnan was appointed Vice Chief of the Naval Staff with the acting rank of Rear Admiral. He was promoted to substantive Rear Admiral on 16 June 1968. During his tenure as VCNS, he was involved in the acquisition of Osa-class missile boats. On 26 March 1969, the post of VCNS was upgraded to the rank of Vice Admiral, with Krishnan being promoted to the acting rank from the same date.
On 26 January 1970, Krishnan was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal for distinguished service of the most exceptional order. In February 1970, he was appointed Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command and took over on 25 February. He was promoted to substantive Vice Admiral on 1 March 1970. On 1 March 1971, he moved to the helm of Eastern Naval Command as the FOC-in-C.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

His command in the eastern theatre during the 1971 war led the crew of the Aircraft Carrier INS Vikrant to earn two Mahavir Chakras and 12 Vir Chakras. Under his leadership in 1971, the aircraft carrier's Sea Hawks struck shipping in the Chittagong and Cox's Bazar harbours, sinking or incapacitating most ships in harbour.
Krishnan was present during the signing of the Pakistani Instrument of Surrender at the Ramna Race Course. He also received the Naval surrender from the Flag Officer East Pakistan Navy, Rear Admiral Mohammad Shariff. Sharif surrendered his TT pistol to at 1631 hrs saying "Admiral Krishnan, Sir, soon I will be disarmed. Your Navy fought magnificently and had us cornered everywhere. There is no one I would like to surrender my arms to other than the Commander-in-Chief of the Eastern Fleet." His TT Pistol is still placed in a covered glass display at the Indian Military Academy's Museum. For his leadership of the Eastern Naval Command, Krishnan was awarded the Padma Bhushan in January 1972.
Krishnan was to retire in 1973, but was given a two-year extension in service. In February 1973, he was appointed Chairman and Managing Director of Cochin Shipyard Limited. The tw-year extension was given to enable Krishnan to be in the running for the post of Chief of the Naval Staff when Admiral Sourendra Nath Kohli retired. In late-1975, the Government of India announced that Jal Cursetji would be the next CNS. Krishnan retired from the Indian Navy on 29 February 1976. He continued as the CMD of Cochin Shipyard Limited till 1979, when he retired.

Post-retirement

Krishnan wrote an autobiography, A Sailor's Story, which was edited by his son Arjun Krishnan. He had also written No way But Surrender — An Account of the Indo-Pakistani War in the Bay of Bengal. He died in his sleep at Hyderabad on 30 January 1982.

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