. Jobseeker's Allowance is an unemploymentwelfare benefit claimed at Job Centre Plus buildings such as Cambridge Job Centre. Youth unemployment in the United Kingdom is the level of unemployment among young people, typically defined as those aged 18–25. A related concept is graduate unemployment which is the level of unemployment among university graduates. Statistics for June 2010 show that there are 926,000 young people under the age of 25 who are unemployed which equates to an unemployment rate of 19.6% among young people. This is the highest youth unemployment rate in 17 years. In November 2011 youth unemployment hit 1.02 million, but had fallen to 767,000 by August 2014. The high levels of youth unemployment in the United Kingdom have led some politicians and media commentators to talk of a "lost generation".
Statistics
In August 2012, The Trade Union Congress stated that the level of young people not in employment, training or study it at its highest level since October 1994. Statistics from the Institute for Public Policy Research show that youth unemployment is highest among black people. A 2013 study published by New Policy Institute and Trust for London found the problem to be worse in London when compared against the national average. London's Poverty Profile shows that in 2012 one in four economically active young adults in London were unemployed, compared to 20% for the rest of England.
Graduates
Statistics for October 2012 suggest that among university graduates in the United Kingdom, 62% have jobs six months after university and 9% are unemployed.
Causes
There is debate as to the causes of youth unemployment. Some of the causes of youth unemployment in the United Kingdom are not specific to young people. Widely cited causes of youth unemployment in the United Kingdom include these:
Public sector cuts: The cuts to the public sector have also affected young people.
Lack of qualifications: A report by Centre links youth unemployment and poor results in GCSE English and Maths.
Lack of experience: Recruiters becoming more risk averse and looking to recruit more experienced older staff.
Some alternative theories exist as well, for example Tim Worstall of the free-marketAdam Smith Institute has argued that the introduction of minimum wage legislation in the United Kingdom has contributed to youth unemployment by increasing the wage bill for firms,.
Effects
Youth unemployment increases the chance of a worker experiencing unemployment in adulthood. Some have linked the London riots of 2011 with the high level of youth unemployment.
Economic
Those under 25 years old are entitled to £56.25 a week in Job Seeker's Allowance. In economic terms youth unemployment equates to £10m a day in lost productivity and the total direct cost of youth unemployment is £4.7bn a year. Unemployment for over six months while a teenager also increases the chances of an individual being unemployed in adulthood.
Underemployment
Many young people are underemployed. In July 2012 The Telegraph reported that Scottish Job Centres were advising graduates to take survival jobs in areas such as cleaning and to omit their degrees because they may deter future employers. The Graduate Fog website reports that one in five graduates want to work more hours than their employer can offer. According to the Trade Union Congress 13% of young women and 10% of young men are underemployed, something they call "alarming" and a "critical waste of talent".
Mental health
A 2010 report by The Prince's Trust highlighted that youth unemployment can have a negative impact on the mental health of young people and that it is a risk factor in suicide and attempted suicide. According to the report that was carried out by interviewing 2,170 young people aged 16 to 25 48% of individuals suffered insomnia, depression and panic attacks due to being unemployed and individuals were twice as likely to self-harm or suffer panic attacks if they had been unemployed for over a year. In 2010 it was reported that a graduate committed suicide after a two-year search for work. The impact has also been expected to extend into future employment opportunities, as many youth become extremely risk-averse to future opportunities.
Emigration
A survey by Student Currency Exchange found that half of young people aged 18–25 they surveyed were 'seriously considering' emigrating in order to find work.
The Coalition government have also implemented workfare programmes for the long term unemployed. In 2012 a University graduate Cait Reilly took the Department of Work and Pensions to Court arguing that the scheme whereby she had to work "for free" in Poundland in order to keep her benefits was a breach of the European Court of Human Right's prohibition on slavery. The Department of Work and Pensions won the case. In London the Conservative Mayor of LondonBoris Johnson has launched a workfare scheme for those who have less than six months of national insurance contributions. 6,000 individuals aged 16–24 must undertake 13 weeks of unpaid work in order to claim their £56-per-week Job Seekers' Allowance.
Youth contract
A government scheme has been introduced in the United Kingdom that is aimed at tackling youth unemployment. The scheme has been criticised as ineffective. Lottie Dexter of the campaign group Million Jobs has compared the scheme to "fighting a forest fire with a water pistol".
