Western Xia coinage


The Western Xia Empire ruled over what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, and southernmost Outer Mongolia from 1032 until 1227 when they were destroyed by the Mongols. The country was established by the Tangut people; likewise its earliest coins were escribed with Tangut characters, while later they would be written in Chinese. Opposed to Song dynasty coins that often read top-bottom-right-left, Western Xia coins exclusively read clockwise. Despite the fact that coins had been cast for over a century and a half, very little were actually produced and coins from Western Xia are a rarity today. Although the Western Xia cast their own coins barter remained widely used.
Originally from 1053 until 1068 the inscription of its cash coins were exclusively written in the Tangut script, and between 1068 and 1206 coins were cast with both Tangut and Chinese inscriptions, but after 1206 only Chinese characters were used. Compared to Liao dynasty coinage, coins from Western Xia were cast in superior quality, though only bronze and iron coins produced between 1149 and 1193 were cast in high quantities.
After Western Xia was annexed by the Mongols, Tangut inscriptions appeared only on a single Yuan dynasty coin.

History

Following the establishment of the Western Xia state, the Tangut people, in an effort to revive their original ethnic and national culture, had rejected both Chinese characters and Chinese fashion. The Tangut people had soon created an indigenous writing system, this writing system was exclusively used on the earlier Western Xia era cash coins. These early Tangut cash coins had inscriptions like śjɨj ljo ljɨ̣ dzjɨj and tha nej ljɨ̣ dzjɨj. The Tangut script inscription on these early Western Xia cash coins always read clockwise, with all of these coins having inscriptions that translate into English as "Precious Coin of the" followed by the reign title. Cash coins with Tangut inscriptions are known to have been produced during six different reign periods, but it's possible that more variants have been produced.
Cash coins with Tangut inscriptions have been discovered in the modern era such as the Zhengde Baoqian type in the year 1999.
During the Qianyou period of the reign of Emperor Renzong the political and military stability as well as the growing economy in Western Xia had allowed for the country to prosper. Emperor Renzong would hold education in a high esteem and was responsible for the establishment of schools including an Imperial Academy. Emperor Renzong had further established an imperial examination system in the style of that of the Chinese Empire. During the Qianyou era the Tangut government had also gained greater respect for both Confucian philosophy and the culture of the Song dynasty. Much art from the Western Xia Empire, including its coinage was largely based on that from China.
This era also saw the production of Song dynasty-style cash coins, these Song dynasty-style cash coins also followed the Song tradition of casting “Matched Coins”, where two or more different Chinese calligraphy styles were used on cash coins that had the same Chinese era title.
These Chinese calligraphic styles included clerical script, regular script, running script, grass script, and rarely seal script.

List of coins produced by the Western Xia

The cash coins produced under the Western Xia were cast in either Tangut or Chinese.
Coins with Tangut inscriptions:
Inscription
Inscription
Traditional ChineseSimplified ChineseYears of castingEmperorImage
śjɨj ljo ljɨ̣ dzjɨj Fu Sheng Bao Qian福聖寶錢福圣宝钱1053–1056Yizong
tha nej ljɨ̣ dzjɨj Da An Bao Qian大安寶錢大安宝钱1074–1084Huizong
tśhja bio̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj Zhen Guan Bao Qian貞觀寶錢贞观宝钱1101–1113Chongzong
tśhja mji̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj Zheng De Bao Qian正德寶錢正德宝钱1127–1134Chongzong
tshjwu ꞏwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj Qian You Bao Qian乾佑寶錢乾佑宝钱1170–1193Renzong
ŋwər ljwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj Tian Qing Bao Qian天慶寶錢天庆宝钱1194–1206Huanzong

Coins with Chinese inscriptions:
InscriptionTraditional ChineseSimplified ChineseScriptYears of castingEmperorImage
Da An Tong Bao大安通寶大安通宝Clerical script1074–1084Huizong
Yuan De Tong Bao元德通寶元德通宝Clerical script1119–1126Chongzong
Da De Tong Bao大德通寶大德通宝Regular script1135–1139Chongzong
Tian Sheng Yuan Bao天盛元寶天盛元宝Regular script1149–1169Renzong
Qian You Yuan Bao乾佑元寶乾佑元宝Regular script, Semi-cursive script, Seal script1170–1193Renzong
Tian Qing Yuan Bao天慶元寶天庆元宝Regular script1194–1206Huanzong
Huang Jian Yuan Bao皇建元寶皇建元宝Regular script1210–1211Xiangzong
Guang Ding Yuan Bao光定元寶光定元宝Semi-cursive script, Seal script1211–1223Shenzong

Usage of seal script on Western Xia cash coins

Many Chinese and other Oriental coin catalogues through the centuries had documented the cash coins that were cast by the Western Xia Empire to be in regular script or running scripts but not in seal script. This changed in September of the year 1984 with the discovery of a seal script Guangding Yuanbao cash coin and again in 2012 with the discovery of a seal script Qianyou Yuanbao cash coin. While a multitude of seal script Guangding Yuanbao cash coins have been discovered, only a single Qianyou Yuanbao cash coin has been known to exist.
Today these newly discovered variants have been added to newer Chinese coin catalogues as variants of the "matched cash coins" of the Western Xia Empire. In the modern era the discovery of a new Chinese coin variety is a rare occurrence to happen, so the discovery of the seal script Qianyou Yuanbao has caused a great amount of excitement among Chinese cash coinage collectors.

Guangding Yuanbao

In early September of the year 1984 a cache of old cash coins was unearthed in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, among these cash coins was a Guangding Yuanbao with an inscription that was written in seal script. These cash coins were unearthed due to Helanshan flash floods which occurred near Yinchuan, which was historically known as Xingqing and was the capital city of the Western Xia Empire. Among the cash coins unearthed during this event were Han, Tang, Song, Khitan Liao, Jurchen Jin, and many other types of cash coins. The rarest earlier documented coins found after these flash floods were Liao dynasty coins and gold coins, but at the time the seal script Guangding Yuanbao was never seen before and thought to be unique. This first seal script Guangding Yuanbao cash coin has a diameter of 25.3 millimeters, a thickness of 1.4 millimeters, and a weight of 4.3 grams.
In the year 2002 a second specimen was dug up in the province of Shaanxi, this was followed by the discovery of a third specimen found in Inner Mongolia. Later excavations in the Tongxin County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region had brought this number up to more than ten.

Qianyou Yuanbao

For a long it was believed that the Guangding Yuanbao cash coins produced towards the very end of the Western Xia period were the only cash coins with seal script inscriptions produced by the empire. However, in the 2012, a Chinese farmer had uncovered a cache of Western Xia era cash coins in Tongxin County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and among these cash coins was a unique Qianyou Yuanbao with a seal script inscription. This cash coin has a diameter of 25.4 millimeters, a thickness of 1.5 millimeters and has a weight of 3.3 grams, its inscription is read clockwise.
Dr. Zhu Hu of the Art Research Institute of East China Normal University published in “Volume One of China Numismatics” an assessment of this cash coin. According to Dr. Zhu Hu this cash coin is inspired by the seal script "matched cash coins" from the Northern Song dynasty. Dr. Zhu Hu notes that the seal script character "You" is written in the same method as that of the Jingyou Yuanbao, Jiayou Yuanbao, and the Yuanyou Tongbao cash issued by the Song dynasty in the course of a century from the tenth century until the twelfth century. While the seal script characters "Yuan" and "Bao" similar to the "Yuan" and "Bao" characters found on the Xuanhe Yuanbao, and its "Bao" character looks similar to that of the seal script version of the Zhenghe Tongbao.
The discovery of this unique seal script Qianyou Yuanbao cash coin also means that this inscription is the only Western Xia Empire cash coin that is known to exist in three different Chinese calligraphic varieties, in the form of regular script, running script, and seal script.
According to Gary Ashkenazy from the website Primaltrek, he claims that the fact that this unique seal script Qianyou Yuanbao cash coin is very well-made, in his opinion lends credence to the speculation that this coin might have been cast as a trial piece, or pattern coin, and that only very few cash coins with this inscription and calligraphic style might have been actually cast for general circulation.

Differences in style between the seal script Guangding Yuanbao and Qianyou Yuanbao cash coins

The seal script "Yuan" character of the Guangding Yuanbao cash coins tends to have more "twists and turns" than the more "dignified" version of the "Yuan" on the seal script version of the Qianyou Yuanbao, furthermore, the "Yuan" character inscribed on the bottom of the Guangding Yuanbao touches the rim of the coin, which the "Yuan" on the Qianyou Yuanbao doesn't touch the rim of the coin. Another difference between these two cash coins is the fact that the "crown" of the seal script "Bao" character of the Guangding Yuanbao has a more "square" shape compared to the more "round" shape of the "Bao" found on the seal script version of the Qianyou Yuanbao.
All of these differentiating characteristics are also found on the seal script "matched cash coins" produced by the Song dynasty.

Hoards of Western Xia cash coins