The viscosity index is an arbitrary, unit-less measure of a fluid's change in viscosity relative to temperature change. It is mostly used to characterize the viscosity-temperature behavior of lubricating oils. The lower the VI, the more the viscosity is affected by changes in temperature. The higher the VI, the more stable the viscosity remains over temperature fluctuations. The VI was originally measured on a scale from 0 to 100; however, advancements in lubrication science have led to the development of oils with much higher VIs. The viscosity of a lubricant is closely related to its ability to reduce friction in solid body contacts. Generally, the least viscous lubricant which still forces the two moving surfaces apart to achieve "fluid bearing" conditions is desired. If the lubricant is too viscous, it will require a large amount of energy to move ; if it is too thin, the surfaces will come in contact and friction will increase.
Relevance
Many lubricant applications require the lubricant to perform across a wide range of conditions, for example, automotive lubricants are required to reduce friction between engine components when the engine is started from cold up to when it is running. The best oils with the highest VI will remain stable and not vary much in viscosity over the temperature range. This allows for consistent engine performance within the normal working conditions. Historically, there were two different oil types recommended for usage in different weather conditions. As an example, with winter oils and cold starting the engines, and with temperature ranges from, say, -30*C to 0*C, a 5 weight oil would be pumpable at the very low temperatures and the generally cooler engine operating temperatures. However, in hot climates where temperatures range from 30*C to 45*C, a 50 weight oil would be necessary so it would remain thick enough to hold up an oil film between the moving hot parts. Thus the issue of multigrade oils came into being, where with variable temperatures of, say, minus -10*C during the cold nights and 20*C during the days, a 5 weight oil would be good as the oil would be pumpable in a cold engine and as the engine came up to running temperature, and the day warmed up, the characteristics of a 30 weight oil would be ideal. Thus the 5W-30W or 5-30W oils were introduced, rather than the fixed and temperature limiting grades — where the thin oils became too thin when hot and the thicker oils became too thick when cold. This effects of temperature on a single viscosity oil can be demonstrated by pouring a small amount of vegetable oil into a pot or pan and then either cooling it in a freezer or heating it on a cooking stove. When oils get cold enough in a deep freezer, they will solidify into a block of "wax" like oil that cannot be pumped around inside an engine's lubrication system. However when a spoonful of very cold oil is put into a pan on a stove and it is slowly heated and swirled around, the oil will gradually warm up, and there is a definite temperature range where the oil is warm and very "oily" or quite lubricating. However as the oil is heated further, the oil becomes thinner and thinner until it is nearly smoking and it is almost as thin as water — and thus it has almost no capacity to keep moving parts separated — resulting in metal to metal contact and damage of the components that are supposed to be kept apart with a thin film of oil. Thus the multigrade oils are recommended for use based on the ambient temperature ranges of the season or environment. Additionally, there are the issues of oil temperature maintenance, such as oil or engine heaters that enable easy starting and shorter warm up period in very cold climates, and oil coolers to dump enough heat from the oil, and thus the engine, gearbox, or hydraulic oil circuit, so as to keep the oil's upper temperature to within a specified upper working limit. It is wise to follow the manufacturers recommendation as to what grades of oil or types of lubricants should be used in or on any equipment relative to the seasonal temperature ranges of the environment that the equipment is used in. Despite all the neurosis generating literature of the advertising industry, a fairly simple oil viscosity and temperature chart does fulfill the educational needs of the user and the enquipment, the latter being reasonably typical of all owner manuals and combustion engine manufacturers. As stipulated earlier, always follow the specifications of your equipment manufacturer.
Classification
The VI scale was set up by the Society of Automotive Engineers. The temperatures chosen arbitrarily for reference are. The scale was originally interpolated between 0 for a naphthenic Texas Gulf crude and 100 for a paraffinnic Pennsylvania crude. Since the inception of the scale better oils have also been produced, leading to VIs greater than 100. VI improving additives and higher quality base oils are widely used nowadays which increase the VIs attainable beyond the value of 100. The Viscosity Index of synthetic oils ranges from 80 to over 400.
Calculation
The viscosity index can be calculated using the following formula: where U is the oil's kinematic viscosity at, and L and H are values based on the oil's kinematic viscosity at. L and H are the values of viscosity at 40°C for oils of VI 0 and 100 respectively, having the same viscosity at 100°C as the oil whose VI we are trying to determine. These L and H values can be found in ASTM D2270.
