Universal Decimal Classification


The Universal Decimal Classification is a bibliographic and library classification representing the systematic arrangement of all branches of human knowledge organized as a coherent system in which knowledge fields are related and inter-linked. The UDC is an analytico-synthetic and faceted classification system featuring detailed vocabulary and syntax that enables powerful content indexing and information retrieval in large collections. Since 1991, the UDC has been owned and managed by the UDC Consortium, a non-profit international association of publishers with headquarters in The Hague.
Unlike other library classification schemes that have started their life as national systems, the UDC was conceived and maintained as an international scheme. Its translation in world languages started at the beginning of the 20th century and has since been published in various printed editions in over 40 languages. UDC Summary, an abridged Web version of the scheme is available in over 50 languages. The classification has been modified and extended over the years to cope with increasing output in all areas of human knowledge, and is still under continuous review to take account of new developments.
Albeit originally designed as an indexing and retrieval system, due to its logical structure and scalability, UDC has become one of the most widely used knowledge organization systems in libraries, where it is used for either shelf arrangement, content indexing or both. UDC codes can describe any type of document or object to any desired level of detail. These can include textual documents and other media such as films, video and sound recordings, illustrations, maps as well as realia such as museum objects.

History

The UDC was developed by the Belgian bibliographers Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine at the end of the 19th century. In 1895, they created the Universal Bibliographic Repertory which was intended to become a comprehensive classified index to all published information. The idea that the RBU should take the form of a card catalogue came from the young American zoologist Herbert Haviland Field, who was at the time himself setting up a bibliographical agency in Zurich, the Concilium Bibliographicum. A means of arranging the entries would be needed, and Otlet, having heard of the Dewey Decimal Classification, wrote to Melvil Dewey and obtained permission to translate it into French. The idea outgrew the plan of mere translation, and a number of radical innovations were made, adapting the purely enumerative classification into one which allows for synthesis ; various possible relations between subjects were identified, and symbols assigned to represent them. In its first edition in French "Manuel du Répertoire bibliographique universel", the UDC already included many features that were revolutionary in the context of knowledge classifications: tables of generally applicable concepts—called common auxiliary tables; a series of special auxiliary tables with specific but re-usable attributes in a particular field of knowledge; an expressive notational system with connecting symbols and syntax rules to enable coordination of subjects and the creation of a documentation language proper.
The Universal Bibliographic Repertory itself has developed into a remarkable information resource. In the period before World War I it grew to more than 11 million records. The catalogue and its content organized by UDC can still be seen in Mundaneum in Mons, Belgium.

The application of UDC

UDC is used in around 150,000 libraries in 130 countries and in many bibliographical services which require detailed content indexing. In a number of countries it is the main classification system for information exchange and is used in all types of libraries: public, school, academic and special libraries.
UDC is also used in national bibliographies of around 30 countries. Examples of large databases indexed by UDC include:
UDC has traditionally been used for the indexing of scientific articles which was an important source of information of scientific output in the period predating electronic publishing. Collections of research articles in many countries covering decades of scientific output contain UDC codes. Examples of journal articles indexed by UDC:
The design of UDC lends itself to machine readability, and the system has been used both with early automatic mechanical sorting devices, and modern library OPACs. Since 1993, a standard version of UDC has been maintained and distributed in a database format: UDC Master Reference File which is updated and released regularly. The 2011 version of the MRF contains over 70,000 classes. In the past full printed editions used to have around 220,000 subdivisions.

UDC structure

Notation

A notation is a code commonly used in classification schemes to represent a class, i.e. a subject and its position in the hierarchy, to enable mechanical sorting and filing of subjects. UDC uses Arabic numerals arranged decimally. Every number is thought of as a decimal fraction with the initial decimal point omitted, which determines the filing order. An advantage of decimal notational systems is that they are infinitely extensible, and when new subdivisions are introduced, they need not disturb the existing allocation of numbers. For ease of reading, a UDC notation is usually punctuated after every third digit:
In UDC the notation has two features that make the scheme easier to browse and work with:
UDC is an analytico-synthetic and faceted classification. It allows an unlimited combination of attributes of a subject and relationships between subjects to be expressed. UDC codes from different tables can be combined to present various aspects of document content and form, e.g. 94"19" History ' of United Kingdom ' in 20th century ', a textbook '. Or: 37:2 Relationship between Education and Religion. Complex UDC expressions can be accurately parsed into constituent elements.
UDC is also a disciplinary classification covering the entire universe of knowledge. This type of classification can also be described as aspect or perspective, which means that concepts are subsumed and placed under the field in which they are studied. Thus, the same concept can appear in different fields of knowledge. This particular feature is usually implemented in UDC by re-using the same concept in various combinations with the main subject, e.g. a code for language in common auxiliaries of language is used to derive numbers for ethnic grouping, individual languages in linguistics and individual literatures. Or, a code from the auxiliaries of place, e.g. United Kingdom, uniquely representing the concept of United Kingdom can be used to express 911 Regional geography of United Kingdom and 94 History of United Kingdom.

Organization of classes

Concepts are organized in two kinds of tables in UDC:
The vacant class 4 is the result of a planned schedule expansion. This class was freed by moving linguistics into class 8 in the 1960s to make space for future developments in the rapidly expanding fields of knowledge; primarily natural sciences and technology.

Common auxiliary tables

Common auxiliaries are aspect-free concepts that can be used in combination with any other UDC code from the main classes or with other common auxiliaries. They have unique notational representations that makes them stand out in complex expressions. Common auxiliary numbers always begin with a certain symbol known as a facet indicator, e.g. = always introduces concepts representing the language of a document; numbers enclosed in parentheses starting with zero always represent a concept designating document form. Thus Textbook and =111 English can be combined to express, e.g.=111 Textbooks in English, and when combined with numbers from the main UDC tables they can be used as follows: 2=111 Religion textbooks in English, 51=111 Mathematics textbooks in English etc.
In order to preserve the precise meaning and enable accurate parsing of complex UDC expressions, a number of connecting symbols are made available to relate and extend UDC numbers. These are:
SymbolSymbol nameMeaningExample
+pluscoordination, additione.g. 59+636 zoology and animal breeding
/strokeconsecutive extensione.g. 592/599 Systematic zoology
:colonrelatione.g. 17:7 Relation of ethics to art
square bracketssubgroupinge.g. 311: statistics of mining and metallurgy in Sweden
*asteriskIntroduces non-UDC notatione.g. 523.4*433 Planetology, minor planet Eros
A/Zalphabetical extensionDirect alphabetical specificatione.g. 821.133.1MOL French literature, works of Molière

UDC outline

UDC classes in this outline are taken from the Multilingual Universal Decimal Classification Summary released by the UDC Consortium under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 license.

Main tables

0 Science">Outline of science">Science and knowledge">Outline of knowledge">knowledge. Organization. Computer science">Outline of computer science">Computer science. Information. Documentation. Librarianship. Institution. Publications

00 Prolegomena. Fundamentals of knowledge and culture. Propaedeutics
001 Science and knowledge in general. Organization of intellectual work
002 Documentation. Books. Writings. Authorship
003 Writing systems and scripts
004 Computer science and technology. Computing
004.2 Computer architecture
004.3 Computer hardware
004.4 Software
004.5 Human-computer interaction
004.6 Data
004.7 Computer communication
004.8 Artificial intelligence
004.9 Application-oriented computer-based techniques
005 Management
005.1 Management Theory
005.2 Management agents. Mechanisms. Measures
005.3 Management activities
005.5 Management operations. Direction
005.6 Quality management. Total quality management
005.7 Organizational management
005.9 Fields of management
005.92 Records management
005.93 Plant management. Physical resources management
005.94 Knowledge management
005.95/.96 Personnel management. Human Resources management
006 Standardization of products, operations, weights, measures and time
007 Activity and organizing. Information. Communication and control theory generally
008 Civilization. Culture. Progress
01 Bibliography and bibliographies. Catalogues
02 Librarianship
030 General reference works
050 Serial publications, periodicals
06 Organizations of a general nature
069 Museums
070 Newspapers. The Press. Outline of journalism
08 Polygraphies. Collective works
09 Manuscripts. Rare and remarkable works

1 Philosophy">Outline of philosophy">Philosophy. Psychology">Outline of psychology">Psychology

101 Nature and role of philosophy
11 Metaphysics
111 General metaphysics. Ontology
122/129 Special Metaphysics
13 Philosophy of mind and spirit. Metaphysics of spiritual life
14 Philosophical systems and points of view
141 Kinds of viewpoint. Including: Monism. Dualism. Pluralism. Ontological Materialism. Metaphysical Idealism. Platonism, etc.
159.9 Psychology
159.91 Psychophysiology. Mental physiology
159.92 Mental development and capacity. Comparative psychology
159.93 Sensation. Sensory perception
159.94 Executive functions
159.95 Higher mental processes
159.96 Special mental states and processes
159.97 Abnormal psychology
159.98 Applied psychology in general
16 Logic. Epistemology. Theory of knowledge. Methodology of logic
17 Moral philosophy. Ethics. Practical philosophy

2 Religion">Outline of religion">Religion. Theology">Outline of theology">Theology

The UDC tables for religion are fully faceted. Indicated in italics below, are special auxiliary numbers that can be used to express attributes of any specific faith. Any special number can be combined with any religion e.g. -5 Worship can be used to express e.g. 26-5 Worship in Judaism, 27-5 Worship in Christianity, 24-5 Worship in Buddhism. The complete special auxiliary tables contain around 2000 subdivisions of various attributes that can be attached to express various aspects of individual faiths to a great level of specificity allowing equal level of detail for every religion.
2-1/-9 Special auxiliary subdivision for religion
2-1 Theory and philosophy of religion. Nature of religion. Phenomenon of religion
2-2 Evidences of religion
2-3 Persons in religion
2-4 Religious activities. Religious practice
2-5 Worship broadly. Cult. Rites and ceremonies
2-6 Processes in religion
2-7 Religious organization and administration
2-8 Religions characterised by various properties
2-9 History of the faith, religion, denomination or church
21/29 Religious systems. Religions and faiths
21 Prehistoric and primitive religions
22 Religions originating in the Far East
23 Religions originating in Indian sub-continent. Hindu religion in the broad sense
24 Buddhism
25 Religions of antiquity. Minor cults and religions
26 Judaism
27 Christianity
28 Islam
29 Modern spiritual movements

3 Social sciences">Outline of social science">Social sciences

303 Methods of the social sciences
304 Social questions. Social practice. Cultural practice. Way of life
305 Gender studies
308 Sociography. Descriptive studies of society
311 Statistics as a science. Statistical theory
314/316 Society
314 Demography. Population studies
316 Sociology
32 Politics
33 Economics. Economic science
34 Law. Jurisprudence
35 Public administration. Government. Military affairs
36 Safeguarding the mental and material necessities of life
37 Education
39 Cultural anthropology. Ethnography. Customs. Manners. Traditions. Way of life

4 Communication

This section is currently vacant.

5 Mathematics">Outline of mathematics">Mathematics. Natural sciences">Outline of natural science">Natural sciences

502/504 Environmental science. Conservation of natural resources. Threats to the environment and protection against them
502 The environment and its protection
504 Threats to the environment
51 Mathematics
510 Fundamental and general considerations of mathematics
511 Number theory
512 Algebra
514 Geometry
517 Analysis
519.1 Combinatorial analysis. Graph theory
519.2 Probability. Mathematical statistics
519.6 Computational mathematics. Numerical analysis
519.7 Mathematical cybernetics
519.8 Operational research : mathematical theories and methods
52 Astronomy. Astrophysics. Space research. Geodesy
53 Physics
531/534 Mechanics
535 Optics
536 Heat. Thermodynamics. Statistical physics
537 Electricity. Magnetism. Electromagnetism
538.9 Condensed matter physics. Solid state physics
539 Physical nature of matter
54 Chemistry. Crystallography. Mineralogy
542 Practical laboratory chemistry. Preparative and experimental chemistry
543 Analytical chemistry
544 Physical chemistry
546 Inorganic chemistry
547 Organic chemistry
548/549 Mineralogical sciences. Crystallography. Mineralogy
55 Earth sciences. Geological sciences
56 Paleontology
57 Biological sciences in general
58 Botany
59 Zoology

6 Applied sciences">Outline of applied science">Applied sciences. Medicine">Outline of medicine">Medicine. Technology">Outline of technology">Technology

Class 6 occupies the largest proportion of UDC schedules. It contains over 44,000 subdivisions. Each specific field of technology or industry usually contains more than one special auxiliary table with concepts needed to express operations, processes, materials and products. As a result, UDC codes are often created through the combination of various attributes. Equally, some parts of this class enumerate concepts to a great level of detail e.g. 621.882.212 Hexagon screws with additional shapes. Including: Flank screws. Collar screws. Cap screws
60 Biotechnology
61 Medical sciences
611/612 Human biology
613 Hygiene generally. Personal health and hygiene
614 Public health and hygiene. Accident prevention
615 Pharmacology. Therapeutics. Toxicology
616 Pathology. Clinical medicine
617 Surgery. Orthopaedics. Ophthalmology
618 Gynaecology. Obstetrics
62 Engineering. Technology in general
620 Materials testing. Commercial materials. Power stations. Economics of energy
621 Mechanical engineering in general. Nuclear technology. Electrical engineering. Machinery
622 Mining
623 Military engineering
624 Civil and structural engineering in general
625 Civil engineering of land transport. Railway engineering. Highway engineering
626/627 Hydraulic engineering and construction. Water structures
629 Transport vehicle engineering
63 Agriculture and related sciences and techniques. Forestry. Farming. Wildlife exploitation
630 Forestry
631/635 Farm management. Agronomy. Horticulture
633/635 Horticulture in general. Specific crops
636 Animal husbandry and breeding in general. Livestock rearing. Breeding of domestic animals
64 Home economics. Domestic science. Housekeeping
65 Communication and transport industries. Accountancy. Business management. Public relations
654 Telecommunication and telecontrol
655 Graphic industries. Printing. Publishing. Book trade
656 Transport and postal services. Traffic organization and control
657 Accountancy
658 Business management, administration. Commercial organization
659 Publicity. Information work. Public relations
66 Chemical technology. Chemical and related industries
67 Various industries, trades and crafts
68 Industries, crafts and trades for finished or assembled articles
69 Building trade. Building materials. Building practice and procedure

7 The arts. Recreation. Entertainment">Outline of entertainment">Entertainment. Sport">Outline of sports">Sport

7.01/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for the arts
7.01 Theory and philosophy of art. Principles of design, proportion, optical effect
7.02 Art technique. Craftsmanship
7.03 Artistic periods and phases. Schools, styles, influences
7.04 Subjects for artistic representation. Iconography. Iconology
7.05 Applications of art
7.06 Various questions concerning art
7.07 Occupations and activities associated with the arts and entertainment
7.08 Characteristic features, forms, combinations etc.
7.091 Performance, presentation
71 Physical planning. Regional, town and country planning. Landscapes, parks, gardens
72 Architecture
73 Plastic arts
74 Drawing. Design. Applied arts and crafts
745/749 Industrial and domestic arts and crafts. Applied arts
75 Painting
76 Graphic art, printmaking. Graphics
77 Photography and similar processes
78 Music
79 Recreation. Entertainment. Games. Sport
791 Cinema. Films
792 Theatre. Stagecraft. Dramatic performances
793 Social entertainments and recreations. Art of movement. Dance
794 Board and table games
796 Sport. Games. Physical exercises
797 Water sports. Aerial sports
798 Riding and driving. Horse and other animal sports
799 Sport fishing. Sport hunting. Shooting and target sports

8 Language. Linguistics">Outline of linguistics">Linguistics. Literature">Outline of literature">Literature

Tables for class 8 are fully faceted and details are expressed through combination with common auxiliaries of language and a series of special auxiliary tables to indicate other facets or attributes in Linguistics or Literature. As a result, this class allows for great specificity in indexing although the schedules themselves occupy very little space in UDC. The subdivisions of e.g. 811 Languages or 821 Literature are derived from common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 by substituting a point for the equals sign, e.g. 811.111 English language and 821.111 English literature derives from =111 English language. Common auxiliaries of place and time are also frequently used in this class to express place and time facets of Linguistics or Literature, e.g. 821.111"18" English literature of Canada in 19th century
80 General questions relating to both linguistics and literature. Philology
801 Prosody. Auxiliary sciences and sources of philology
808 Rhetoric. The effective use of language
81 Linguistics and languages
81`1/`4 Special auxiliary subdivision for subject fields and facets of linguistics and languages
81`1 General linguistics
81`2 Theory of signs. Theory of translation. Standardization. Usage. Geographical linguistics
81`3 Mathematical and applied linguistics. Phonetics. Graphemics. Grammar. Semantics. Stylistics
81`4 Text linguistics, Discourse analysis. Typological linguistics
81`42 Text linguistics. Discourse analysis
81`44 Typological linguistics
811 Languages
Derived from the common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 by replacing the equal sign = with prefix 811. e.g. =111 English becomes 811.111 Linguistics of English language
811.1/.9 All languages natural or artificial
811.1/.8 Individual natural languages
811.1/.2 Indo-European languages
811.21/.22 Indo-Iranian languages
811.3 Dead languages of unknown affiliation. Caucasian languages
811.4 Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, Khoisan languages
811.5 Ural-Altaic, Palaeo-Siberian, Eskimo-Aleut, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan languages. Japanese. Korean. Ainu
811.6 Austro-Asiatic languages. Austronesian languages
811.7 Indo-Pacific languages. Australian languages
811.8 American indigenous languages
811.9 Artificial languages
82 Literature
82-1/-9 Special auxiliary subdivision for literary forms, genres
82-1 Poetry. Poems. Verse
82-2 Drama. Plays
82-3 Fiction. Prose narrative
82-31 Novels. Full-length stories
82-32 Short stories. Novellas
82-4 Essays
82-5 Oratory. Speeches
82-6 Letters. Art of letter-writing. Correspondence. Genuine letters
82-7 Prose satire. Humour, epigram, parody
82-8 Miscellanea. Polygraphies. Selections
82-9 Various other literary forms
82-92 Periodical literature. Writings in serials, journals, reviews
82-94 History as literary genre. Historical writing. Historiography. Chronicles. Annals. Memoirs
82.02/.09 Special auxiliary subdivision for theory, study and technique of literature
82.02 Literary schools, trends and movements
82.09 Literary criticism. Literary studies
82.091 Comparative literary studies. Comparative literature
821 Literatures of individual languages and language families
Derived from the common auxiliaries of language =1/=9 by replacing the equal sign = with prefix 821. e.g. =111 English becomes 821.111 English literature

9 Geography">Outline of geography">Geography. Biography. History">Outline of history">History

Tables for Geography and History in UDC are fully faceted and place, time and ethnic grouping facets are expressed through combination with common auxiliaries of place, ethnic grouping and time
902/908 Archaeology. Prehistory. Cultural remains. Area studies
902 Archaeology
903 Prehistory. Prehistoric remains, artifacts, antiquities
904 Cultural remains of historical times
908 Area studies. Study of a locality
91 Geography. Exploration of the Earth and of individual countries. Travel. Regional geography
910 General questions. Geography as a science. Exploration. Travel
911 General geography. Science of geographical factors. Theoretical geography
911.2 Physical geography
911.3 Human geography. Geography of cultural factors
911.5/.9 Theoretical geography
912 Nonliterary, nontextual representations of a region
913 Regional geography
92 Biographical studies. Genealogy. Heraldry. Flags
929 Biographical studies
929.5 Genealogy
929.6 Heraldry
929.7 Nobility. Titles. Peerage
929.9 Flags. Standards. Banners
93/94 History
930 Science of history. Historiography
930.1 History as a science
930.2 Methodology of history. Ancillary historical sciences
930.25 Archivistics. Archives
930.85 History of civilization. Cultural history
94 General

Common auxiliary tables

Common auxiliaries of language. Table 1c

=1/=9 Languages
=1/=8 Natural languages
=1/=2 Indo-European languages
=1 Indo-European languages of Europe
=11 Germanic languages
=12 Italic languages
=13 Romance languages
=14 Greek
=15 Celtic languages
=16 Slavic languages
=17 Baltic languages
=18 Albanian
=19 Armenian
=2 Indo-Iranian, Nuristani and dead Indo-European languages
=21/=22 Indo-Iranian languages
=21 Indic languages
=22 Iranian languages
=29 Dead Indo-European languages
=3 Dead languages of unknown affiliation. Caucasian languages
=34 Dead languages of unknown affiliation, spoken in the Mediterranean and Near East
=35 Caucasian languages
=4 Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, Congo-Kordofanian, Khoisan languages
=41 Afro-Asiatic languages
=42 Nilo-Saharan languages
=43 Congo-Kordofanian languages
=45 Khoisan languages
=5 Ural-Altaic, Palaeo-Siberian, Eskimo-Aleut, Dravidian and Sino-Tibetan languages. Japanese. Korean. Ainu
=51 Ural-Altaic languages
=521 Japanese
=531 Korean
=541 Ainu
=55 Palaeo-Siberian languages
=56 Eskimo-Aleut languages
=58 Sino-Tibetan languages
=6 Austro-Asiatic languages. Austronesian languages
=61 Austro-Asiatic languages
=62 Austronesian languages
=7 Indo-Pacific languages. Australian languages
=71 Indo-Pacific languages
=72 Australian languages
=8 American indigenous languages
=81 Indigenous languages of Canada, USA and Northern-Central Mexico
=82 Indigenous languages of western North American Coast, Mexico and Yucatán
=84/=88 Central and South American indigenous languages
=84 Ge-Pano-Carib languages. Macro-Chibchan languages
=85 Andean languages. Equatorial languages
=86 Chaco languages. Patagonian and Fuegian languages
=88 Isolated, unclassified Central and South American indigenous languages
=9 Artificial languages
=92 Artificial languages for use among human beings. International auxiliary languages
=93 Artificial languages used to instruct machines. Programming languages. Computer languages

(0...) Common auxiliaries of form. Table 1d

Special auxiliary subdivision for document form
Documents according to physical, external form
Documents according to method of production
Handwritten documents. Manuscripts. Pictorial documents
Machine-readable documents
Documents according to stage of production
Documents for particular kinds of user
Documents according to level of presentation and availability
Supplementary matter issued with a document
Separately issued supplements or parts of documents
Bibliographies
Books in general
Reference works
Non-serial separates. Separata
Pamphlets. Brochures
Addresses. Lectures. Speeches
Theses. Dissertations
Personal documents. Correspondence. Letters. Circulars
Articles in serials, collections etc. Contributions
Newspaper articles
Reports. Notices. Bulletins
Bibliographic descriptions. Abstracts. Summaries. Surveys
Other non-serial separates
Serial publications. Periodicals
Documents relating to societies, associations, organizations
Documents for instruction, teaching, study, training
Collected and polygraphic works. Forms. Lists. Illustrations. Business publications
Presentation in historical form. Legal and historical sources
Presentation in chronological, historical form. Historical presentation in the strict sense
Biographical presentation
Historical sources
Legal sources. Legal documents

(1/9) Common auxiliaries of place. Table 1e

Place and space in general. Localization. Orientation
Special auxiliary subdivision for boundaries and spatial forms of various kinds
Zones
Orientation. Points of the compass. Relative position
East. Eastern
South. Southern
South-west. South-western
West. Western
North. Northern
Relative location, direction and orientation
Lowest administrative units. Localities
Dependent or semi-dependent territories
States or groupings of states from various points of view
Places and areas according to privacy, publicness and other special features
Location. Source. Transit. Destination
Regionalization according to specialized points of view
Universal as to place. International. All countries in general
Physiographic designation
Ecosphere
Surface of the Earth in general. Land areas in particular. Natural zones and regions
Above sea level. Surface relief. Above ground generally. Mountains
Below sea level. Underground. Subterranean
Natural flat ground. The ground in its natural condition, cultivated or inhabited
Oceans, seas and interconnections
Inland waters
The world according to physiographic features
Places of the ancient and mediaeval world
Ancient China and Japan
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Roman Province of Judaea. The Holy Land. Region of the Israelites
Ancient India
Medo-Persia
Regions of the so-called barbarians
Italia. Ancient Rome and Italy
Ancient Greece
Catalan regions
Other regions. Ancient geographical divisions other than those of classical antiquity
Countries and places of the modern world
Europe
Asia
Africa
North and Central America
South America
States and regions of the South Pacific and Australia. Arctic. Antarctic

(=...) Common auxiliaries of human ancestry, ethnic grouping and nationality. Table 1f

They are derived mainly from the common auxiliaries of language =... and so may also usefully distinguish linguistic-cultural groups, e.g. =111 English is used to represent English speaking peoples
Human ancestry groups
European Continental Ancestry Group
Asian Continental Ancestry Group
African Continental Ancestry Group
Oceanic Ancestry Group
American Native Continental Ancestry Group
Linguistic-cultural groups, ethnic groups, peoples
Peoples associated with particular places
e.g. Anglophone population of Canada

"..." Common auxiliaries of time. Table 1g

"0/2" Dates and ranges of time in conventional Christian reckoning
"0" First millennium CE
"1" Second millennium CE
"2" Third millennium CE
"3/7" Time divisions other than dates in Christian reckoning
"3" Conventional time divisions and subdivisions: numbered, named, etc.
"4" Duration. Time-span. Period. Term. Ages and age-groups
"5" Periodicity. Frequency. Recurrence at specified intervals.
"6" Geological, archaeological and cultural time divisions
"61/62" Geological time division
"63" Archaeological, prehistoric, protohistoric periods and ages
"67/69" Time reckonings: universal, secular, non-Christian religious
"67" Universal time reckoning. Before Present
"68" Secular time reckonings other than universal and the Christian calendar
"69" Dates and time units in non-Christian religious time reckonings
"7" Phenomena in time. Phenomenology of time

-0 Common auxiliaries of general characteristics. Table 1k

-02 Common auxiliaries of properties
-021 Properties of existence
-022 Properties of magnitude, degree, quantity, number, temporal values, dimension, size
-023 Properties of shape
-024 Properties of structure. Properties of position
-025 Properties of arrangement
-026 Properties of action and movement
-027 Operational properties
-028 Properties of style and presentation
-029 Properties derived from other main classes
-03 Common auxiliaries of materials
-032 Naturally occurring mineral materials
-033 Manufactured mineral-based materials
-034 Metals
-035 Materials of mainly organic origin
-036 Macromolecular materials. Rubbers and plastics
-037 Textiles. Fibres. Yarns. Fabrics. Cloth
-039 Other materials
-04 Common auxiliaries of relations, processes and operations
-042 Phase relations
-043 General processes
-043.8/.9 Processes of existence
-045 Processes related to position, arrangement, movement, physical properties, states of matter
-047/-049 General operations and activities
-05 Common auxiliaries of persons and personal characteristics
-051 Persons as agents, doers, practitioners
-052 Persons as targets, clients, users
-053 Persons according to age or age-groups
-054 Persons according to ethnic characteristics, nationality, citizenship etc.
-055 Persons according to gender and kinship
-056 Persons according to constitution, health, disposition, hereditary or other traits
-057 Persons according to occupation, work, livelihood, education
-058 Persons according to social class, civil status