Touch-move rule


The touch-move rule in chess specifies that, if a player deliberately touches a piece on the board when it is their turn to move, then they must move or capture that piece if it is legal to do so. If it is the player's piece that was touched, it must be moved if they have a legal move. If the opponent's piece was touched, it must be captured if it can be captured with a legal move. This is a rule of chess that is enforced in all formal, competitions. A player claiming a touch-move violation must do so before touching a piece.
A player who wants to adjust a piece on its square without being required to move it can announce the French j’adoube before touching the piece. While j'adoube is internationally understood, a local language equivalent such as "adjusting" is usually acceptable. A player may not touch the pieces on the board during the opponent's turn.
There is a separate rule that a player who lets go of a piece after making a legal move cannot retract the move.

Details

If a player having the move deliberately touches one or more of their pieces, they must move the first one that can be legally moved. So long as the hand has not left the piece on a new square, the piece can be placed on any accessible square. Accidentally touching a piece, e.g. brushing against it while reaching for another piece, and also adjusting a piece, does not count as a deliberate touch.
If a player touches an opposing piece, then they must capture it if the piece can be captured. If a player touches one of their pieces and an opponent's piece, they must make that capture if it is a legal move. Otherwise, they are required to move or capture the first of the pieces that they touched. If it cannot be determined whether the player's piece or the opponent's piece was touched first, it is assumed that the player's piece was touched first. If a player touches more than one piece, the player must move or capture the first piece that can be legally moved or captured.
Castling is a king move, so the king must be touched first. If the rook is touched first instead, a rook move must be made. If the player touches their rook at the same time as touching the king, they must castle with that rook if it is legal to do so. If the player completes a two-square king move without touching a rook, the player must move the correct rook accordingly if castling on that side is legal. Otherwise, the move must be withdrawn and another king move made. If the player touches both pieces in attempting to castle illegally, the king must be moved if possible, but if there is no legal king move, then there is no requirement to move the rook.
When a pawn is moved to its eighth, once the player takes their hand off the pawn, a different move of the pawn can no longer be substituted. However, the move is not complete until the promoted piece is released on that square.

Examples

In the diagram, from a game between future world champion Bobby Fischer and Jan Hein Donner, White had a probably winning advantage; Black had just moved 29...Qg5–f5 and White fell for a swindle. Fischer touched his bishop, intending to move 30.Bd3, which seems like a natural move, but then realized that Black could play 30...Rxc2, and after 31.Bxf5 Rc1 32.Qxc1 Bxc1, the game would be a draw, because of the opposite-coloured bishops endgame. After touching the bishop, he realized that 30.Bd3 was a bad move, but since he was obligated to move the bishop, and other bishop moves were even worse, after several seconds he played 30.Bd3. The queens and rooks were exchanged and a draw by agreement was reached after the 34th move. Had Fischer won the game, he would have tied with Boris Spassky for first place in the 1966 Piatigorsky Cup tournament.
The touch-move rule produced an even more disastrous result for Fischer in his game as Black against Wolfgang Unzicker at Buenos Aires 1960. In the position diagrammed, Fischer touched his h-pawn, intending to play 12...h6. He then realized that White could simply play 13.Bxh6, since 13...gxh6 would be illegal due to the pin on the g- by White's queen. Having touched his h-pawn, the touch-move rule required Fischer to play either 12...h6 or 12...h5??, an almost equally bad move that fatally weakens Black's. Fischer accordingly played 12...h5?? and resigned just ten moves later—his shortest loss ever in a serious game.
In this position in a rapid game between former world champion Anatoly Karpov and Alexander Chernin in Tilburg in 1992, White had just promoted a pawn to a queen on the e8-square. Black made the discovered check 53...Kd6+. Karpov, with very little time remaining, did not see that he was in check and played the illegal move 54.Qe6+. The arbiter required Karpov to play a legal move with his queen instead, and he selected 54.Qe7+??. After 54...Rxe7+, Karpov lost the game.
In the 1889 game between Siegbert Tarrasch and Semyon Alapin at Breslau, Alapin was expecting 5.d4, the normal move after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 in Petrov's Defence. But by the time he looked at the position he had already touched his, intending 5...Be7 in reply to 5.d4, not noticing that White actually played 5.d3 attacking his knight. Now compelled to move the bishop, he would lose the knight without compensation, so resigned immediately.

Adjusting pieces

If a player wishes to adjust one or more pieces on their squares without being required to move them, the player can announce j’adoube, or words to that effect in other languages. If a player does not announce an adjustment in advance, he may be penalized accordingly. J’adoube is internationally recognised by chess players as announcing the intent to make incidental contact with their pieces.
The phrase is used to give warning from a player to the opponent that the player is about to touch a piece on the board, typically to centralise it on its square, without the intent of making a move with it. Although this French term is customary, it is not obligatory; other similar indications may be used. A player may only adjust the pieces when it is his turn to move and the opponent is present.

Example of misuse

There have been occasions in chess history when a player has uttered j’adoube after making a losing move in order to retract it, thus attempting to avoid the touch-move rule. Such behaviour is regarded as cheating. The Yugoslav grandmaster Milan Matulović was nicknamed "J’adoubovic" after such an incident .

History

The touch-move rule has existed for centuries. In the Middle Ages strict rules were considered necessary because chess was played for stakes. Luis Ramirez de Lucena gave the rule in his 1497 book Arte de Axdres. Benjamin Franklin referred to it in his 1786 essay The morals of chess. At one time the rule also required the player who played an illegal move to move his king. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Rule XIII of the London Chess Club provided:
If a player make a false move, i.e., play a Piece or Pawn to any square to which it cannot legally be moved, his adversary has the choice of three penalties; viz., 1st, of compelling him to let the Piece or Pawn remain on the square to which he played it; 2nd, to move correctly to another square; 3rd, to replace the Piece or Pawn and move his King.
While this rule existed, it occasionally led to tragicomedies such as in the 1893 game between Lindermann and Echtermeyer, at Kiel. In that game, after 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5 White, probably intending the usual 3.Nc3, instead placed his on c3. Since that move was illegal, White was compelled to instead move his king. After the forced 3.Ke2??, Black gave checkmate with 3...Qe4#.
In England, the 1862 laws of the British Chess Association rejected the above rule. The Association's Law VII provided instead that if a player made an illegal move, "he must, at the choice of the opponent, and according to the case, either move his own man legally, capture the man legally, or move any other man legally moveable." . The German chess master Siegbert Tarrasch wrote in The Game of Chess that the former rule requiring a player who made an illegal move to move his king had only been changed a few years earlier.