Swadhyaya Movement


The Swadhyaya Movement or Swadhyaya Parivara is a new religious movement that started in mid 20th-century in the western states of India, particularly Maharashtra and Gujarat. Founded by Pandurang Shastri Athavale, the movement emphasizes self-study, selfless devotion and application of Hindu scriptures such as the Upanishads and Bhagavad gita for spiritual, social and economic liberation.
The movement focuses on the Upanishadic mahāvākyas related with Hindu belief that god is within oneself, every human being, all living beings and all of god's creation. It encourages voluntary self-study, self-knowledge, community discourses and action with a responsibility to the god in oneself and others. Its temples typically highlight the deities Yogeshwara Krishna, Parvati, Ganesha and Shiva in a Vriksha Mandir setting. Deity Surya is recognized in the form of sunlight. Prayers are performed in the Smarta tradition's Panchayatana puja format, attributed to Adi Shankara. Community members participate in Bhavabhakti, Krutibhakti, and Bhaktiphere. The movement members treat all men and women in the organization as a Parivara.

History

Pandurang Shastri Athavale was born in a Maharashtrian Brahmin family in colonial India. In the 1940s, while he was in his early twenties, Athavale began to deliver discourses on the Bhagavad Gita in Mumbai, India. He argued that both liberal welfare centric approach and socialism were incapable of bridging gap between rich and needy. He rejected charity handouts, arguing that this creates a dependent relationship, attacks human dignity and robs the recipient's sense of self-worth. He sought another way for liberating oneself spiritually, economically and socially. He believed that the foundation and values for such a search were in the ancient texts of Hinduism. He began preaching these principles from Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita in his community, particularly in the downtrodden segments of society he called Agri, Bagri, and Sagri. This initiative began Athavale's Swadhyaya movement in 1958. His followers call him as "Dada".
The movement refuses any support or assistance from the state or non-governmental organizations, relying entirely on volunteer activity of its members. It claims to have between 50,000 and 100,000 centres and between 6 and 20 million followers in India, Portugal, USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Middle East.

Discussion

In standard Classical Sanskrit, svādhyāyaḥ means study by oneself, i.e., private study or studying alone. For Athavale and the Parivar, Swadhyay is interpreted as the study of the self for a spiritual quest, an innovative and striking interpretation. According to members, it is a "journey to work out a unity in a multiverse of cultures and world views, of harmonizing the self with a network of relationships, of creating and maintaining vital connections between self, society, and God, of knowing and enriching human action with sacredness." The understanding of an in-dwelling God imbibed into Swadhyayees by Athavale is claimed to motivate them towards true expression of devotion.
Athavale introduced educational institutions, developed wealth redistribution measures and social welfare projects. Athavale has shown that individual transformation eventually can lead to wider social change. Devotion, he says, can be turned into a social force. "Since God is with us and within us, he is a partner in all our transactions. Naturally, he has his share..." God's part of our wealth, Athavale suggests, can be redistributed among the poor and needy.
Athavale also presented the idea of Yogeshwar Krishi to the farming community. In this social experiment, a Swadhyayee gives a piece of land for use for a season as God's farm. Thereafter each person subsequently, one day a month, works on cultivating that particular plot of land. Seen as God's plot, the income thus generated is called "impersonal wealth" and belongs to no one but God. The wealth is consecrated in the local temple and later disbursed to those in need as prasad or divinely blessed food. Swadhyay emphasizes "graceful giving" where "the help to the needy family's house is taken in the middle of the night so that others may not know that the family concerned has received help from the community."

Activities & "''Prayogs''"

Every activity in Swadhyay Parivar is based on Devotion, with a purpose to lift myself spiritually and to take me one step closer to God. Along with actively living Swadhyay principles in his daily life, Dada has been giving his discourses since 1942 to bring spirituality out in common man. But instead of playing a role of teacher or preacher, he always became part of all and went to the same level of a common man, worked with all as divine brother and brought oneness in everyone who came into touch with him The understanding of indwelling God imbibed into his followers by Rev. Dada motivated them to willingly, knowingly and lovingly offer their efficiency, skill and toil at the feet of God out of gratitude and reverence, which is true expression of Devotion. The concept of Devotion has two important aspects: one self exploration with a view to coming closer to God and two an active/creative principle of devotion to promote communal good. Through a series of Practical steps and programs, the awareness that the self is the abode of the Divine is facilitated.
Currently, Swadhyay is actively practiced in many countries across the world with over 5 million active swadhyayees practicing these principles in their daily life.
In additions, he started many experiments to bring man closer to man, and man closer to God. These prayogs were on the basis of Devotion, whereas Bhakti is not limited to only going to the temple, praying at your house, or donating money in the name of God. It is more so on donating your time and efficiency to God. The by-product of these prayogs resulted in an alternative society where the other is not an other, but he is my divine brother.
Prayog by Swadhyaya Parivar
Swadhyay is a Sanskrit word. In the Parivar, Swadhyay means the study, knowledge, and discovery of the ‘Self’. The ‘Self’ or the ‘I’ is the indwelling spirit underlying the ego, the intellect and the mind. Swadhyay involves studying, discovering, knowing and understanding one's true and inner self and paying due respect to other selves. It is a "journey to work out a unity in a multiverse of cultures and world views, of harmonizing the self with a network of relationships, of creating and maintaining vital connections between self, society, and God, of knowing and enriching human action with sacredness."
The teachers in the Swadhyay Parivar assert that it is not a sect, a cult, a creed, a tradition, an institution or even an organization. It is not an organized religion. It does not require any membership or vows. It is not initiated to be an agitation or a revolution. Swadhyay is independent of caste, religion, nationality, color, education and one's status in the society. Swadhyay is about individual transformation through spiritual awareness. It is an attitude of the mind. Swadhyay is the right perspective or the vision, which enables one understand deeper aspects of spirituality and devotion. The basic fundamental thought, which Swadhyay emphasizes, is the concept of indwelling God. ‘God dwells within’ i.e. ‘God exists within me and within everyone else’. All are children of the Divine. Hence, Swadhyay establishes the Divine Brotherhood under the Fatherhood of God i.e. ‘the other is not ‘other’, but he is my divine brother.’ Blood relationship is extended to a relationship through the Blood Maker. The concept of the traditional family is extended to the Divine Family. This is a natural extension of the concept of an indwelling God. The concept looks very simple. However, for almost all of those who have come into deeper contact with Swadhyay, it has brought about a permanent transformation in their lives. The very understanding that God resides within me makes me divine and worthy of respect. It also inspires the view that God or divinity is everywhere, present in all living things, and therefore all should be treated with respect and devotion. Thus, the concept of an indwelling God motivates people to care for the welfare of others.
Though Swadhyay does not function as a conventional organization, but works as an extended family, it seems to have a definite vision. The vision is to achieve all-round upliftment of humanity at large through the holistic development of the human being by reason-based religion. Religion, in this context, refers to the Religion of a Human Being and should not be interpreted for conventional organized religions such as Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism or Buddhism. Swadhyay is not interested in quick results or publicity, although it has been operating since the 1940s with incredible ‘results’, it has remained quite unknown to date. It neither seeks nor accepts financial help from governments or philanthropic agencies for any of its experiments, projects or gatherings. It does not report to any donor, religious body or controlling force; it has no political ideology or dogma.
Swadhyay efforts result in creating a society which is self-disciplined, has faith in God, is adventurous and brave, loves culture and the Holy Scriptures, and is filled with devotion. In this society, greater importance will be given to right attitude rather than to action, thoughts will be valued more than things, feelings more than enjoyment, self-surrender more than selfishness, group more than individual, culture more than manners, efforts more than results, goodness more than strength, truth more than mere logic and righteousness more than wealth. The origin of Swadhyay goes back to 1942, when Pandurang Shastri Athavale, the originator of the activity who is affectionately called as ‘Dada’, started going on devotional visits alone in Mumbai, India. He inspired a small set of co-workers, primarily professionals, to go on similar visits themselves, to various villages around Bombay. Through the concept of an indwelling God, millions of individuals to recognize the inner God, cultivate an increased self-respect, and abandon immoral behavior. The villages where Swadhyay has a firm- footing have witnessed a reduction in crime, the removal of social barriers, and a drastic alleviation from poverty, hunger and homelessness, among other bad social and civic conditions.

Scriptures and foundation

Bhagavad Gita

Geeta 4.28
dravya-yajñās tapo-yajñā yoga-yajñās tathāpare
swādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāśh cha yatayaḥ sanśhita-vratāḥ
Some offer their wealth as sacrifice, while others offer severe austerities as sacrifice. Some practice the eight-fold path of yogic practices, and yet others study the scriptures and cultivate knowledge as sacrifice, while observing strict vows.
Geeta 16.1
abhayaṁ sattva-sanśhuddhir jñāna-yoga-vyavasthitiḥ
dānaṁ damaśh cha yajñaśh cha svādhyāyas tapa ārjavam
O son of Bharat, these are the saintly virtues of those endowed with a divine nature—fearlessness, purity of mind, steadfastness in spiritual knowledge, charity, control of the senses, performance of sacrifice, study of the sacred books, austerity, and straightforwardness;
Geeta 17.15
anudvega-karam vakyam satyam priya-hitam ca yat
svadhyaya bhyasanam caiva van-mayam tapa ucyate
Austerity of speech consists in speaking words that are truthful, pleasing, beneficial, and not agitating to others, and also in regularly reciting Vedic literature.

Taittiriya Upanishad

Hymn 1.9.1 emphasizes the central importance of Svadhyaya in one's pursuit of Reality, Truth, Self-restraint, Perseverance, Tranquility and Inner Peace, Relationships with others, family, guests and all Rituals.
Taittiriya Upanishad, however, adds in verse 1.9.1, that along with the virtue of 'svādhyāyā' process of learning, one must teach and share what one learns. This is expressed by the phrase "'svādhyāyapravacane ca'", translated as "and learning and teaching" by Gambhīrānanda
In verse 1.11.1, the final chapter in the education of a student, the Taittiriya Upanishad reminds:
सत्यंवद। धर्मंचर। स्वाध्यायान्माप्रमदः।
Speak the Satya, follow the Dharma, from Svadhyaya never cease.
— Taittiriya Upanishad, 1.11.1-2

Patanjali's ''Yogasutra''

In verse II.44, recommends Svadhyaya as follows
स्वाध्यायादिष्टदेवतासंप्रयोगः॥
From study comes a connection with one's chosen deity.
— Patanjali's Yogasutra II.44