Sedad Hakkı Eldem
Sedad Hakkı Eldem, was a Turkish architect and one of the pioneers of nationalized modern architecture in Turkey.
His Life
He was born in Constantinople. He graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts. Between 1931 and 1932 he travelled to France, England and Germany with a scholarship of the academy. In 1932 he opened his own office, also started teaching at the Academy of Fine Arts and continued until retirement in 1978. In 1934 he worked for the National Architecture Seminar in Turkey which was a complete disaster for him because of the discussions between modern architecture and traditional architecture. In 1938 he designed the Turkish Pavilion in New York Exhibition. Sedad Hakkı Eldem represented Turkish Republic at International Union of Architects in Lozan after Second World War. Also in the same year Sedad Hakkı worked with his colleague Emin Onat on the project of İstanbul Palace of Justice.He worked on proportions and architectural organizations of Ottoman domestic houses, 18th and 19th century palaces and mansions. He was known as a role model and pioneer to reinterpret the Classical Ottoman Patterns in modern architecture. He was a part of Former Artifacts Maintain Council between 1941 and 1945 and also a part of Supreme Council of Antiquities and Monument Real Estate between 1962 and 1978.
His thought was about nationalizing the Modern Architecture. He basically thought that International Style in architecture should not applied everywhere. Some things should be changed in the design by considering the national and domestic texture.
He has won the international Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1986 with the project of Zeyrek Social Security Facilities.
He died on 7 September 1988 in İstanbul.
His Architecture
Sedad Hakkı Eldem's architecture has basically 4 main periods. The first of them, between 1928 and 1934, is known by the instability of his work. After that, the second period is popular with modern trials on Ottoman architectural organization. The time frame of this period spans from 1934 until 1952. The third period of his architecture has lost its Ottoman influence, it looks more modernized between 1952 and 1962. The last part of Eldem's Architecture known for his double approach on projects. This final period started in 1962, and lasted until his death in 1988.- The years between 1928 and 1934 are defined as preparation years for Sedad Hakkı Eldem. During these years the architect worked in İstanbul, Paris and Berlin but there is no remaining architecture. The only structure that has been built in that period is a temporary Turkish pavilion in Budapest Exhibition in 1931. This structure gives us few clues about his searching in architecture. While Sedad Hakki had tried almost every approach popular in these years, he also tried to combine them even if they all contradicted. He even give parts to different architectural elements in one design. For example, one of his trials in Paris, embassy project has Auguste Perret impressions in details, its planimetry has traditional middle "sofa" and "Eyvan" types of components that usually belong to Turkish Architecture. Also the architect inspired by a sheme that peculiar to Iran-Middle East, named "Cihar-bağ". At the same time he examined the style of Art Deco, Le Corbusier, Hoffmann, Olbrich, Tessenow and Webb. Despite all of these and his instability of style, he never abandon his researches about traditional and domestic Ottoman civil architecture. He made use of all styles as much as they compromise with traditional architecture. The styles that do not overlap with domestic architecture, are disappeared.
- * Returning from Europe to İstanbul does not affect the situation of Sedad Hakkı Eldem's instability about architectural style. First examples in İstanbul show different impacts. Ceylan Apartment has the signs of Art Deco, S.A.T.İ.E. Store and Administration Building has the features of International Style, in the other hands Firdevs Hanım House has Le Corbusier's elements. However all of the imaginary projects in Europe give their places to realistic projects in İstanbul even if they are not built. Instead of huge and fancy mansions, at that time there were modest houses and buildings that published in the journal of Arkitekt comes up.
- The instability period of the architect ends with Yalova Thermal Hotel and Ağaoğlu House projects. Also these projects starts a new era for Sedad Hakkı Eldem's architecture. He started to well known in Turkey with his architecture and approach to Modern Architecture. Yalova Thermal Hotel was the first nationalized modern work of Turkey. At these years, there was that discussion about interpreting in Modern Architecture. Sedad Hakkı was one of the pioneers of defending the idea of nationalized modern architecture.
- * From 1934 to 1952 Sedad Hakkı worked on some trials on traditional Ottoman houses' plan organizations and exterior elements in more modernized ways. These works are connected with his historiyografic researches. Eventually he tried to "invent the tradition" in modern aspects of his time. For example, Ağaoğlu House designed with elliptical type of "sofa", Safyurtlu House with middle type of "sofa" and Ayaşlı Mansion designed with "karnıyarık" type of "sofa". Some of his projects had have strong connections between international style and domestic tradition, in the other hand, traditional Turkish elements stay in the background just for being a little touches. For example, Taşlık Coffee House designed with T type of plan which is a traditional scheme, and international view kept in minimum. However, Admiral Bristol Hospital and Nursing House is just looks national from outside. Whereas the faculty buildings of Ankara University and İstanbul University inspired from Nazi Germany. The Turkish part in these mass buildings just hiding in the details.
- Between 1952 and 1962 Eldem's architecture keeps Ottoman civil architectural characteristic at minimum. Florya Facilities and RIza Derviş House built with more likely rationalized modernist style. Also that impact known by the name of "california modern". Hilton Hotel's design shows us almost nothing about Sedad Hakkı Eldem's architecture. In that process the hotel owes its standard American view to SOM despite of Eldem. Second Safyurtlu House is a successful example of American flort.
- The years after 1960 known as being Eldem's and Republic of Turkey's leapig and changing years. The architect has two different approaches in these years. First of them is heroic and monumental, away from traditional and domestic perspective, like Akbank Administration Building and Ayazağa Office Buildings. Other approach looks more like Sedad Hakkı Eldem's. Eclectic and different trials on Ottoman civil architecture give their places to a vocabulary that Eldem's own. For Example horizontal roof line, wide canopies, well proportioned windows and cantilevers. These features used in the designs of Zeyrek Social Security Facilities, India Embassy Residence, Kıraç Mansion, Sirer Mansion etc.
List of Significant Works
- First Period of His Architecture
- * 1931: Turkish Pavilion in Budapest Exhibition, Budapest
- * 1932: Ceylan Apartment in Taksim, İstanbul
- * 1932: S.A.T.İ.E. Store and Administration Building in Fındıklı, İstanbul
- * 1934: Firdevs Hanım Apartment in Maçka, İstanbul
- * 1934: Thermal Hotel in Yalova
- * 1936: Ağaoğlu House in Teşvikiye, İstanbul
- Second Period of His Architecture
- * 1938: Ayaşlı Mansion in Beylerbeyi, İstanbul
- * 1942: Safyurtlu Villa in Beşevler, Ankara
- * 1942: İstanbul University, Faculty of Science in Beyazit, İstanbul
- * 1943: Ankara University, Faculty of Science in Beşeveler, Ankara
- * 1943: Admiral Bristol Hospital and Nursing House in Teşvikiye, İstanbul
- * 1947: Taşlık Coffee House in Maçka, İstanbul
- Third Period of His Architecture
- * 1952: Second Safyurtlu House in Yeniköy, İstanbul
- * 1955: Florya Facilities in Florya, İstanbul
- * 1956: Rıza Derviş House in Büyükada, İstanbul
- * 1956: Uşaklıgil House in Emirgan, İstanbul
- Fourth Period of His Architecture
- * 1960: India Embassy Residence in Cinnah Street, Ankara
- * 1962: Social Security Facilities in Zeyrek, İstanbul
- * 1964: Siner Mansion in Yeniköy, İstanbul
- * 1965: Kıraç Mansion in Vaniköy, İstanbul
- * 1966: Akbank Administration Building in Fındıklı, İstanbul
- * 1973: Netherlands Embassy in Ankara
- * 1975: Koç House in Tarabya, İstanbul