The salt marshharvest mouse, also known as the red-bellied harvest mouse and sometimes called the saltmarsh harvest mouse, is an endangeredrodentendemic to the San Francisco Bay Areasalt marshes in CA. There are two distinct subspecies, both endangered and listed together on federal and state endangered species lists. The northern subspecies is lighter in color and inhabits the northern marshes of the bay, and the southern subspecies lives in the East and South Bay marshes. They are both quite similar in appearance to their congener species, the , to which they are not closely related. Genetic studies of the northern subspecies have revealed that the salt marsh harvest mouse is most closely related to the plains harvest mouse, R. montanus,, which occurs now in the Midwest]. Its endangered designation is due to its limited range, historic decline in population and continuing threat of habitat loss due to development encroachment at the perimeter of San Francisco Bay.
Description and comparison to similar species
The southern population of the salt marsh harvest mouse tends to have dark brown fur above and a pinkish cinnamon or tawny belly; moreover, the tail is likewise bicolored. An adult's length is five to seven centimeters and a tail length of six to ten centimeters. The height is between 1.5 and 2.1 centimeters. Weight of a mature mouse is approximately 10 to 20 grams. The northern subspecies is also dorsally brown or reddish brown, but the venters tend to be white or cream, and rarely with a hint of reddish; tail length is usually about 120% of the body length. The upper incisors are grooved. As a member of the Neotominae subfamily, the dental formula of R. raviventris is. This species is nocturnal, with particularly noted activity on moonlit nights. This mouse is particularly resourceful, making use of ground runways of other rodents; moreover, he also exhibits climbing agility. It occupies marsh habitats where pickleweed and marsh plants abound. Its many predators feature hawk, snake and owl species, as well as shorebirds and larger mammals. Predation by domestic cats is an issue due to encroachment of the limited habitat by humans at the perimeter of the San Francisco Bay. As would be expected of a mouse native to salt marshes, this species is a competent swimmer and is tolerant of salt in its diet and water supply. It eats seeds and plants, especially pickleweed and glasswort, one of the most common salt marsh plant species. Similar species are the Plains Harvest Mouse, and the Fulvous Harvest Mouse, which has a longer tail. The species co-occurs with the similar Western harvest mouse, which tends to have dorsal fur that is more gray than R. raviventris and with ventral fur that is white to grayish; and the House mouse which is gray, has a scaly tail and incisors without grooves, unlike those of the salt marsh harvest mouse.
Lifestyle
Survey data from Suisun Marsh found that the salt marsh harvest mouse can live up to 18 months and possibly longer. Females commonly have two litters per year. In the summer, when salinity of water and vegetation increases, the mice have a notable advantage due to their ability to drink and survive purely on salt water. The northern species can survive purely on salt water, but prefers freshwater to saltwater. The southern species can survive on either, and does not display a preference.
Habitat
The mice depend heavily on vegetation cover, particularly pickleweed and tules. Pickleweed is their primary and preferred habitat as well their main food source; However, R. raviventris are found in a variety of marsh habitats, including diked and tidal wetlands. The salt marsh harvest mouse is not an aggressive species; many mice live in close quarters, withstanding short durations of high population density due to seasonal flooding that restricts individuals to small patches of dry ground. They can also survive tidal or seasonal flooding due to their superior ability to swim, float and climb. R. raviventris home range and habitat use differ temporally across age and sex. Juveniles exhibit home ranges of 600–700 m² whereas adults exhibit home ranges of 1300–1500 m². Males and females also differ in the structural complexity of their occupied habitat during fall and summer but occupy the same habitat during winter and spring. While the cause is still unknown, this seasonal disparity in habitat use may be related to a reduced risk of predation and intraspecific competition in more structurally complex habitats. Furthermore, movement of R.raviventris individuals within their home ranges varies seasonally, with mean distance traveled highest in June and lowest in November.
Range
This organism is known to be found in the following specific locales :
The salt marsh harvest mouse has lost much of its habitat to extensive development of bayside marshland, pollution, drugs, boat activity, and commercial salt harvesting. It has been on the endangered lists since the 1970s, and has protected habitat within numerous Bay Area wildlife refuges. Individual political jurisdictions have conducted research and established habitat protection strategies to protect the salt marsh harvest mouse. For example, the city ofSan Rafael, California has established a shoreline setback standard to prevent any land development within fifty feet of the shoreline; this measure has been applied to several specific land developments along the San Francisco Bay shoreline. Researchers like Katherine Smith of California Department of Fish and Wildlife are at the forefront of research helping to identify how threats like climate change impact the species while increasing the understanding of its biology, ecology and behavior.
