Peters was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 26, 1985. His biological mother suffered from a substance abuse disorder, and he was raised by his adopted parents who worked as a social worker and a civil rights lawyer. He was born deaf and with a speech impediment, and regained full hearing ability at age 8 and full speech capability at age 12. He attended Kansas State University from 2004 to 2009. His initial engagement in electoral politics was during Toni Preckwinkle's successful campaign for Cook County Board Presidentin 2010. He later worked for Groupon, before returning to politics as an organizer for the non-profit Chicago Votes. Prior to his appointment, Peters was the political director for Reclaim Chicago and the People's Lobby. The People's Lobby endorsed and mobilized on behalf of candidates including Kim Foxx in the 2016 Cook County State's Attorney election and Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic presidential primary. He also previously worked for the Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights, and served as the political director for Daniel Biss' unsuccessful campaign for Governor of Illinoisin 2018. He is a dues-paying member of both the People's Lobby and United Working Families.
Peters was appointed to the Illinois State to represent the 13th district in January 2019, to replace outgoing Senator Kwame Raoul upon the latter's election as Attorney General of Illinois. Under Cook County's appointment process, the Democratic Party committeepeople in the area of the district received weighted votes in choosing Raoul's replacement; in this case, the largest weighted votes were held by alderman Leslie Hairston and Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle. Upon his appointment, Peters signaled his commitment to continuing Raoul's emphasis on issues of bail reform and marijuana legalization. During the 2019-20 term, Peters was the chief co-sponsor of 13 bills that were signed into law, including legislation on banning private civil detention centers, ending "pay to stay" practices in correctional facilities, and expanding access to SNAP benefits, preventative HIV treatment, and apprenticeships for youth. He has cited improving the Department of Children and Family Services as a top legislative priority, and three of his co-sponsored bills focused on this agency, requiring expansion of post-adoption support services, collection of feedback from youth transitioning out of foster care, and provision of preventative care to reduce homelessness, incarceration, and unemployment. He served as the inaugural chair of the Senate's Special Committee on Public Safety. He is running for election to a full term in 2020, and faced a primary challenge from Ken Thomas. Both candidates agreed on most issues, but Thomas charged that Peters was appointed through a "backroom deal." Peters was endorsed by a number of progressive organizations including United Working Families, Equality Illinois, and Reclaim Chicago, and most of his campaign contributions came from labor unions. Peters won the Democratic Party primary for the seat on March 17, 2020 with 52% of the vote.
