Psalm 85


Psalm 85 is the 85th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: ", thou hast been favourable unto thy land". In the Greek Septuagint version of the Bible, and in the Latin Vulgate, this psalm is Psalm 84 in a slightly different numbering system. In Latin, it is known as "Benedixisti Domine terram tuam". In Judaism, it is called "a psalm of returned exiles". The psalm is attributed to the sons of Korah.
The psalm is a regular part of Jewish, Catholic, Anglican and Protestant liturgies. It has been paraphrased in hymns and set to music. Its image of Justice and Peace kissing was a popular theme for artworks from the Middle Ages through the 18th century.

Background and themes

While the superscript attributes this psalm to the sons of Korah, Christian commentators are undecided about the period in which the psalm was written. One suggestion is that it was penned at the end of the reign of Saul. Alexander Maclaren posits that the setting of Psalm 85 corresponds to the description in the Book of Nehemiah in which only part of the Jewish nation had returned from the Babylonian captivity. They returned "to a ruined city, a fallen Temple, and a mourning land, where they were surrounded by jealous and powerful enemies".
According to Jewish commentators, the sons of Korah are speaking prophetically about the conclusion of the Babylonian exile. They pray that God will also return the Jewish people from the Roman exile, and remove his anger from them altogether. The image of kindness and truth "meeting" alludes to the interrelationship between Israel's truth and God's righteousness. When Israel adheres to the truth, God will respond with righteousness; He will send rain to produce abundant harvests. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia also interprets the "kiss" shared by Righteousness and Peace as signifying the spiritual union of "God bowing down from heaven to meet earth and earth rejoicing up to Him, foretelling the glory of salvation for the people".
According to the Midrash Tehillim, the land being referred to in this psalm is the Land of Israel, of which Scripture states, "A land which the Lord your God cares for; the eyes of the Lord your God are always upon it". God waits for the Jewish people to perform the mitzvot associated with the Land – such as tithing the crops and observing the Shmita and Yovel – and when they do, both they and the land will find favor in God's eyes.

Kissing or fighting?

The image of "Justice and Peace kissing" became a popular theme for artworks from the Middle Ages through the 18th century. However, the Hebrew root n-š-q has several translations, including "kiss", "fight", and "fought against each other". According to Eder, the word describes a dynamic type of contact, whether positive or negative.
The Midrash understands this interaction in a turbulent context, relating it to God taking counsel with His ministering angels about whether to create the first man. The Midrash states:
Rabbi Simon said, "When the Holy One, blessed be He, came to create Adam, the ministering angels formed themselves into groups and parties, some of them saying, 'Let him be created,' whilst others urged, 'let him not be created.' Thus it is written, "Chesed and Truth fought together, Righteousness and Peace combated each other". Chesed said, 'Let him be created, because he will dispense acts of love'; Truth said, 'Let him not be created, because he is compounded of falsehood'; Righteousness said, 'Let him be created, because he will perform righteous deeds'; Peace said, 'Let him not be created, because he is full of strife.'

"What did the Holy One do? He took Truth and cast it to the ground. As it says, 'And truth was thrown to the ground...'. The ministering angels said before the Almighty: 'Master of the worlds! Why do You put to shame Your chief of court?' The Almighty replied: 'Let Truth rise from the ground!' This is what is meant when it is written, 'Truth shall grow from the ground'".

Text

Verse numbering

In the Hebrew Bible, Psalm 85:1 comprises the designation
From then on Psalm 85:1–13 in English versions correspond to verses 2–14 in the Hebrew text.

Hebrew Bible version

Following is the Hebrew text of Psalm 85, with translation from the 1917 JPS Bible:
VerseHebrewEnglish
1לִבְנֵי־קֹ֬רַח מִזְמֽוֹרFor the Leader. A Psalm of the sons of Korah.
2רָצִ֣יתָ יְהֹוָ֣ה אַרְצֶ֑ךָ שַׁ֜֗בְתָּ שְׁבִ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹֽבLord, Thou hast been favourable unto Thy land, Thou hast turned the captivity of Jacob.
3נָשָׂאתָ עֲו‍ֹ֣ן עַמֶּ֑ךָ כִּסִּ֖יתָ כָל־חַטָּאתָ֣ם סֶֽלָהThou hast forgiven the iniquity of Thy people, Thou hast pardoned all their sin. Selah.
4אָסַ֥פְתָּ כָל־עֶבְרָתֶ֑ךָ הֱ֜שִׁיב֗וֹתָ מֵֽחֲר֥וֹן אַפֶּֽךָThou hast withdrawn all Thy wrath; Thou hast turned from the fierceness of Thine anger.
5שׁוּבֵנוּ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׁעֵ֑נוּ וְהָפֵ֖ר כַּֽעַסְךָ֣ עִמָּֽנוּRestore us, O God of our salvation, and cause Thine indignation toward us to cease.
6הַֽלְעוֹלָ֥ם תֶּֽאֱנַף־בָּ֑נוּ תִּמְשֹׁ֥ךְ אַ֜פְּךָ֗ לְדֹ֣ר וָדֹֽרWilt Thou be angry with us for ever? Wilt Thou draw out Thine anger to all generations?
7הֲלֹ֣א אַ֖תָּה תָּשׁ֣וּב תְּחַיֵּ֑ינוּ וְ֜עַמְּךָ֗ יִשְׂמְחוּ־בָֽךְWilt Thou not quicken us again, that Thy people may rejoice in Thee?
8הַרְאֵ֣נוּ יְהֹוָ֣ה חַסְדֶּ֑ךָ וְ֜יֶשְׁעֲךָ֗ תִּתֶּן־לָֽנוּShow us Thy mercy, O Lord, and grant us Thy salvation.
9יְהֹ֫וָ֥ה כִּֽי־יְדַבֵּ֬ר שָׁל֗וֹם אֶל־עַ֖מּוֹ וְאֶל־חֲסִידָ֑יו וְאַל־יָשׁ֥וּבוּ לְכִסְלָֽהI will hear what God the Lord will speak; for He will speak peace unto His people, and to His saints; but let them not turn back to folly.
10קָר֣וֹב לִֽירֵאָ֣יו יִשְׁע֑וֹ לִשְׁכֹּ֖ן כָּב֣וֹד בְּאַרְצֵֽנוּSurely His salvation is nigh them that fear Him; that glory may dwell in our land.
11חֶֽסֶד־וֶֽאֱמֶ֥ת נִפְגָּ֑שׁוּ צֶ֖דֶק וְשָׁל֣וֹם נָשָֽׁקוּMercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed each other.
12אֱמֶת מֵאֶ֣רֶץ תִּצְמָ֑ח וְ֜צֶ֗דֶק מִשָּׁמַ֥יִם נִשְׁקָֽףTruth springeth out of the earth; and righteousness hath looked down from heaven.
13גַּם־יְ֖הֹוָה יִתֵּ֣ן הַטּ֑וֹב וְ֜אַרְצֵ֗נוּ תִּתֵּ֥ן יְבוּלָֽהּYea, the Lord will give that which is good; and our land shall yield her produce.
14צֶדֶק לְפָנָ֣יו יְהַלֵּ֑ךְ וְיָשֵׂ֖ם לְדֶ֣רֶךְ פְּעָמָֽיוRighteousness shall go before Him, and shall make His footsteps a way.

King James Version

  1. , thou hast been favourable unto thy land: thou hast brought back the captivity of Jacob.
  2. Thou hast forgiven the iniquity of thy people, thou hast covered all their sin. Selah.
  3. Thou hast taken away all thy wrath: thou hast turned thyself from the fierceness of thine anger.
  4. Turn us, O God of our salvation, and cause thine anger toward us to cease.
  5. Wilt thou be angry with us for ever? wilt thou draw out thine anger to all generations?
  6. Wilt thou not revive us again: that thy people may rejoice in thee?
  7. Shew us thy mercy, O, and grant us thy salvation.
  8. I will hear what God the will speak: for he will speak peace unto his people, and to his saints: but let them not turn again to folly.
  9. Surely his salvation is nigh them that fear him; that glory may dwell in our land.
  10. Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed each other.
  11. Truth shall spring out of the earth; and righteousness shall look down from heaven.
  12. Yea, the shall give that which is good; and our land shall yield her increase.
  13. Righteousness shall go before him; and shall set us in the way of his steps.

    Uses

In Judaism

In the Sephardic tradition, Psalm 85 is recited after Kaddish during the afternoon service on Yom Kippur eve. Sephardi Jews also recite this psalm along with numerous others on Yom Kippur itself.
Verses 5 and 8 are part of Selichot; verse 8 is also recited during the morning service in Pesukei Dezimra.
Psalm 85 is recited to express gratitude, as a prayer for a livelihood, and as a prayer for assistance in times of need.

In Catholicism

The beginning of Psalm 85 is recommended as an introit or antiphon on Gaudete Sunday, the third Sunday of Advent.

Hymns and musical settings

paraphrased Psalm 85 in a hymn, "Herr, der du vormals hast dein Land", which is part of the Protestant German hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch as EG 283.
Heinrich Schütz set a German rhymed version in the Becker Psalter, Herr, der du vormals gnädig warst, SWV 182.
Themes from verses 9 to 11 were paraphrased in "The Lord will come and not be slow", a hymn by John Milton.

The Four Virtues

In verse 10 in the KJV, virtues are described as meeting: "Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed each other", in erotic imagery, which became a popular theme for artworks from the Middle Ages through the 18th century. These include paintings by Tiepolo, Lanfranco, Pompeo Batoni, Nicolas Prévost, and Laurent de La Hyre. In 2003, American artist John August Swanson produced the work Psalm 85. The verse was also engraved on a papal tiara which Napoleon gave to Pope Pius VII.
The four virtues, Mercy, Truth, Righteousness, and Peace, are allegorized as Four Daughters of God. The psalm has also been quoted in nonviolent movements, for example in a 1993 document of Catholic bishops in the United States, for its verse "for he will speak peace unto his people".