Towards the end of the 4th century, Christianity adopted as obligatory religion in Roman Empire. In Cyprus some groups, exploiting these events, for personal benefits or revenge, started to use violence against those who did not agree to endorse Christianity. For this reason a large portion of the population, avoiding oppression forced to resettle in the highlands of Pitsilias. Epiphanius of Salamis in order to appease and limit the unacceptable behaviour of this groups, sought support of Emperor Theodosius and with a decree established this mountainous region to a security zone for non-Christians, known back then as the, "Apistilia" in. The name also served as propaganda at the beginning of transition to Christianity. Since "Apistlia» was an offensive word, changed over time, to antonym Pitsilias. In 653 AD due to the Arab invasion, the area of Pitsilias became the bastion of resistance, after strengthened by refugees and retreating soldiers. Mainly because of the small number, and after a few unsuccessful attempts, Rashidun Caliphate drafted peace treaty with local leaders of Pitsilias avoiding the ravages of guerrilla warfare At 704AD a peace treaty between Umayyad Caliphate and Tiberios III was broken. Tiberios facilitated the repatriation of thousands of Cypriot war prisoners from Cyzicus Propontis. A large number of them settled in the region bringing the relics of the Holy Icons. Their freedom and repatriation was credited by them as a miracle through the Holy Icons' intercessions. After a few years later another miracle occurred - a general amnesty pardon for all fugitives, outlaws and militants in the area. The fame of the miracle Holy icons spread all over Cyprus and overseas. These facts led to the establishment of feasts and festivals to commemorate the Holy Icons. The thousands of pilgrims contribute to the economic growth of the region, an economic growth and stability that lasted over a period of four centuries. The history of Pitsilia and the linkage between the past and the present is an example of the Hellenic elements survival in Cyprus. The festivals of Pitsilia have a special feature, combining the Christian devout and ancient Greek joyful celebrations. The song and music contest resembles the myth of Marsyas and Apollo.
