Pierre Fatou's parents were Prosper Ernest Fatou and Louise Eulalie Courbet, both of which were in the military. Pierre's family would have liked for him to enter the military as well, but his health was not sufficiently good for him to pursue this type of career. Fatou entered the École Normale Supérieure in Paris in 1898 to study mathematics and graduated in 1901 when he was appointed an intern in the Paris Observatory. Fatou was promoted to assistant astronomer in 1904 and to astronomer in 1928. He worked in this observatory until his death. Fatou was awarded the Becquerel prize in 1918; he was a knight of the Legion of Honour. He was the president of the French mathematical society in 1927. He was in friendly relations with several contemporary French mathematicians, especially, Maurice René Fréchet and Paul Montel. In the summer of 1929 Fatou went on holiday to Pornichet, a seaside town to the west of Nantes. He was staying in Le Brise-Lames Villa near the port and it was there at 8 p.m. on Friday 9 August that he died in his room. No cause of death was given on the death certificate but Audin argues that he died as a result of a stomach ulcer that burst. Fatou's nephew Robert Fatou wrote: Fatou's funeral was held on 14 August in the church of Saint-Louis, and he was buried in the Carnel Cemetery in Lorient.
Mathematical work of Fatou
Fatou's work had very large influence on the development of analysis in the 20th century. Fatou's PhD thesisSéries trigonométriques et séries de Taylor was the first application of the Lebesgue integral to concrete problems of analysis, mainly to the study of analytic and harmonic functions in the unit disc. In this work, Fatou studied for the first time the Poisson integral of an arbitrary measure on the unit circle. This work of Fatou is influenced by Henri Lebesgue who invented his integral in 1901. The famous Fatou theorem, which says that a bounded analytic function in the unit disc has radial limits almost everywhere on the unit circle was published in 1906. This theorem was at the origin of a large body of research in 20th-century mathematics under the name of bounded analytic functions. See also the Wikipedia article on functions of bounded type. A number of fundamental results on the analytic continuation of a Taylor series belong to Fatou. In 1917-1920 Fatou created the area of mathematics which is called holomorphic dynamics. It deals with a global study of iteration of analytic functions. He was the first to introduce and study the set which is called now the Julia set.. Some of the basic results of holomorphic dynamics were also independently obtained by Gaston Julia and Samuel Lattes in 1918. Holomorphic dynamics experienced a strong revival since 1982 because of the new discoveries of Dennis Sullivan, Adrian Douady, John Hubbard and others. Beautiful pictures illustrating this theory produced by modern computers stimulate great interest not only of mathematicians but also outside of the mathematical community. In 1926 Fatou pioneered the study of dynamics of transcendentalentire functions, a subject which is intensively developing at this time. As a byproduct of his studies in holomorphic dynamics, Fatou discovered what are now called Fatou–Bieberbach domains. These are proper subregions of the complex space of dimension n, which are biholomorphically equivalent to the whole space. Fatou did important work incelestial mechanics. He was the first to prove rigorously a theorem on the averaging of a perturbation produced by a periodic force of short period. This work was continued by Leonid Mandelstam and Nikolay Bogolyubov and his students and developed into a large area of modern applied mathematics. Fatou's other research in celestial mechanics includes a study of the movement of a planet in a resisting medium.
