Nostro and vostro accounts
Nostro and vostro are accounting terms used to distinguish an account held for another entity from an account another entity holds. The entities in question are almost always, but need not be, banks.
The terms nostro and vostro are used, mainly by banks, when one bank keeps money at another bank. Both banks need to keep records of how much money is being kept by one bank on behalf of the other. In order to distinguish between the two sets of records of the same balance and set of transactions, banks refer to the accounts as nostro and vostro. Speaking from the point of view of the bank whose money is being held at another bank:
- A nostro is our account of our money, held by the other bank
- A vostro is our account of other bank money, held by us
The nostro account is a way of keeping track of how much of the bank’s money is being held by the other bank. This is similar to an individual keeping a detailed record of every payment in and out of his or her bank account so that she/he knows the balance at any point in time.
History
Understanding terminology
Base description
In normal usage:- A nostro account will be in foreign currency i.e. a bank in country A keeping a record of money held by a bank in country B, in the currency of country B.
- A vostro account will be in the local currency of the bank where the money is being held i.e. it is the bank in country B's record of the money kept by the bank from country A with it.
A client bank elects to open an account with another facilitator bank. The facilitator bank will assist the client bank in making payments in its country's currency, usually using its own access to primary clearing arrangements. In some cases, the facilitator bank may not be a primary clearing member but they will have the ability to make payments in local currency, possibly through another bank in the same country.
Related expressions
There is also the notion of a loro account, which is a record of an account held by a second bank on behalf of a third party; that is, my record of their account with you. In practice this is rarely used, the main exception being complex syndicated financing.In the same style as above:
- A loro is our account of their money, held by you.
Accounting
Conventions
A bank counts a nostro account with a debit balance as a cash asset in its balance sheet. Conversely, a vostro account with a credit balance is a liability, and a vostro with a debit balance is an asset. Thus in many banks a credit entry on an account is regarded as negative movement, and a debit is positive - the reverse of usual commercial accounting conventions.With the advent of computerized accounting, nostros and vostros just need to have opposite signs within any one bank's accounting system; that is, if a nostro in credit has a positive sign, then a vostro in credit must have a negative sign. This allows for a reconciliation by summing all accounts to zero – the basic premise of double-entry bookkeeping.
Typical usage
Nostro accounts are mostly commonly used for currency settlement, where a bank or other financial institution needs to hold balances in a currency other than its home accounting unit.For example: First National Bank of A does some transactions in USD, but banks in A will only handle payments in AUD. So FNB of A opens a USD account at foreign bank Credit Mutuel de B, and instructs all counter-parties to settle transactions in USD at "account no. 123456 in name of FNBA, at CMB, X Branch". FNBA maintains its own records of that account, for reconciliation; this is its nostro account. CMB's record of the same account is the vostro account.
Now, FNBA sells AUD1,000,000 to C for a net consideration of USD2,000,000. FNBA will make the following entries in its own accounting system:
| FX AUD trading account | 1,000,000 DR | AUD Account in name of C | 1,000,000 CR |
| USD Nostro at CMB | 2,000,000 DR | FX USD trading account | 2,000,000 CR |
Over at CMB, they record the following transaction:
| USD Account in name of C | 2,000,000 DR | USD Account in name of FNBA | 2,000,000 CR |
If C does not have an account directly with FNBA's corresponding bank, the funds may be transferred within the banking system of country B by cheque or some form of electronic funds transfer. In this case CMB will make entries on several other accounts, such as a teller's receiving account, or a clearing account with the third bank holding C's account.