National coat of arms


A national coat of arms is a symbol which denotes an independent state in the form of a heraldic achievement. While a national flag is usually used by the population at large and is flown outside and on ships, a national coat of arms is normally considered a symbol of the government or the head of state personally and tends to be used in print, on heraldic china, and as a wall decoration in official buildings. The royal arms of a monarchy, which may be identical to the national arms, are sometimes described as arms of dominion or arms of sovereignty.
An important use for national coats of arms is as the main symbol on the covers of passports, the document used internationally to prove the citizenship of a person.
For a symbol to be called a "national coat of arms", it should follow the rules of heraldry. If it does not, then the symbol is not formally a coat of arms but rather a national emblem. However, many unheraldic national emblems are colloquially called national coats of arms anyway, because they are used for the same purposes as national coats of arms.

Types of national coats of arms

Heraldic achievements

The original national coats of arms were heraldic arms, which have a shield which carries symbols upon it and often other symbols such as a crown on top of the shield and supporters. In the real sense of the word, these national coats of arms are the only ones which should be called coats of arms, since that term reflects that the emblem used is following the rules of heraldry. Heraldry originated in Western Europe and has now spread to all parts of the world.
Up until the 20th century, most independent nations in the civilized world were monarchies and therefore used the monarchistic style of coat of arms. This style is illustrated below by the Swedish Greater Arms and the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, both of which are still in use. Characteristic of this style are the escutcheon of the kingdom, the supporters on either side and the crown topping the arms. The crown on the UK arms is specifically St Edward's Crown. Both also feature a symbol of the monarch's chivalric order encircling the escutcheon: the chain of the Order of the Seraphim on the Swedish arms and the belt of the Order of the Garter on the UK's arms. A motto is often present either below or above the escutcheon ; this is absent on the Swedish arms. In common with many European monarchies, the Swedish arms features a representation of a royal robe topped with another crown, which became common around the 19th century ; This type of mantle does not feature at all in British heraldry. The Swedish arms also feature an inescutcheon, a secondary escutcheon within the main one which represents the monarch's dynasty, although they may also represent other things. The UK's arms feature a helmet with mantling and crest which are absent from the Swedish arms. These features were all commonly used among the arms of European kingdoms.
The lion, being a symbol of power and sovereignty, as well as of Jesus, is a common charge on monarchal coats of arms and features on the coats of arms of all surviving European kingdoms, as well as several former monarchies.
There is much diversity in the coats of arms of the European republics. Many have chosen to use the same coat of arms they used as monarchies or a modified version of it. Finland for example uses the former coat of arms of the Grand Duke of Finland, a title held by the Swedish Monarch until 1809 and then by the Russian Emperor until 1917. Other examples include Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, and Estonia, all of which also feature lions.
Like lions, eagles were common charges in the arms of many former European monarchies. Double-headed eagles were also associated with imperial power. Single-headed eagles can be found today on the coats of arms of Poland, Germany, and Romania; double-headed eagles can be found on the coats of arms of Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Albania. Austria uses a single-headed eagle as a supporter for its coat of arms, but this is officially unrelated to and distinct from the double-headed eagle used by the former Austrian Empire; the escutcheon is however a pre-republic symbol dating back to the middle ages. Eagles also feature prominently as supporters on the coats of arms of Arab states, having been derived from the Eagle of Saladin. These include the coats of arms of Egypt, Iraq and Palestine, and formerly on the coats of arms of Libya, Yemen, and the United Arab Republic.
Many former European colonies have chosen to use a heraldic coat of arms, but with no connection to the coat of arms used by the colonizing empires. Australia and Jamaica are examples of countries that have created such a modern coat of arms according to old heraldic principles. These two nations also have chosen not to use a crown in their coat of arms although they formally are monarchies. The coat of arms of Uganda below is a typical example of an African coat of arms, with a tribal shield supported by native animals.
Often, a country will employ different versions of their coats of arms for different purposes. For example, many have a heavily simplified "lesser" version of their arms, with the full or "greater" version being restricted for use by the monarch or in other specific circumstances.

National seals

Another common type of national coat of arms is the seal. Originally, a seal was used for authenticating documents by stamping an impression on documents and the like. These seals would often contain coats of arms. The United States adopted a seal whose graphical design would also be used as a state symbol and not only as impressions on state documents. This is common in the Americas but also around the world. The round form with text saying what it stands for is easy to recognise.
Many national seals are actually, to some extent, in part heraldic and can even have set colours which are always used, even if a seal has another use originally - as a stamp in wax - and in this sense formally never has colours.

National emblems

An emblem which does not follow the rules of heraldry, but which fulfills the same use as a national coat of arms, can be called a national emblem. These are often used by countries whose regimes are or once were revolutionary and therefore did not want to use ordinary heraldry.

National emblems of the East Asian tradition

The Japanese equivalent to a heraldic coat of arms is the mon, which in its use can be compared to heraldry of the Western world. Similar symbols are common throughout East Asia.

Socialist state emblems

Many countries which came under the influence of the Soviet Union during the 20th century took after the design of the State Emblem of the Soviet Union, created in the 1920s. The forms followed a very common pattern and since these national emblems were used in the same way as traditional heraldic coats of arms, even if they did not follow the rules of heraldry, they have been called "socialist heraldry". Many of them incorporated symbols of industry and agriculture, the hammer and sickle, a raising sun and the red star of communism. It was not uncommon to show landscapes and weapons, as can be seen in the examples below. When giving up communism, most of these countries returned to traditional heraldry – see for instance the coat of arms of Bulgaria, coat of arms of Georgia, coat of arms of Hungary, and coat of arms of Romania.
The designs of socialist heraldry also influenced some non-socialist states, such as Italy.