It is a type-cD galaxy, with a bright center and a vast, diffuse envelope surrounding it. It is also an early-type galaxy, the largest one in the Fornax Cluster. Despite their name, early-type galaxies are much older than spiral galaxies, and mostly comprise old, red-colored stars. Very little star formation occurs in these galaxies; the lack of star formation in elliptical galaxies appears to start at the center and then slowly propagates outward.
Globular clusters
NGC 1399 is very rich in globular clusters. Population is estimated to be between 5700 and 6500. It has been proposed NGC 1399 has rich system of globular clusters because NGC 1404 gave most of its globular clusters due to gravitational interactions. The estimated angular extent, measured from the NGC 1399 centre and up to a limiting radius where the areal density of blue globular clusters falls to 30 per cent of the background level, is 45 +/- 5 arcmin, which corresponds to 220 - 275 kpc at the Fornax distance. The bimodal colour distribution of this globular cluster system, as well as the different radial distribution of blue and red clusters, up to these large distances from the parent galaxy, are confirmed. The azimuthal globular cluster distribution exhibits asymmetries that might be understood in terms of tidal stripping of globulars from NGC 1387, another nearby galaxy. The good agreement between the areal density profile of blue clusters and a projected dark-matter NFW density profile is emphasized.
The core of NGC 1399 contains a supermassive black hole of 510 million solar masses, a factor of over 2 below the correlation of black hole mass and velocity dispersion. There is also a dramatic signature for central tangential anisotropy. The velocity profiles on adjacent sides 0.5" away from the nucleus show strong bimodality, and the central spectrum shows a large drop in the dispersion. Both of these observations point to an orbital distribution that is tangentially biased. The best-fit orbital model suggests a ratio of the tangential to radial internal velocity dispersions of 3. This ratio is the largest seen in any galaxy to date and will provide an important measure for the mode by which the central black hole has grown.
Planetary nebulae
There are 37 planetary nebulae in this galaxy. Their magnitudes are around 27. The accuracy of the measured radial velocities of these planetary nebulae is about 70 km/s, which is much smaller than the velocity dispersion of the galaxy.
Spectrum
This galaxy lacks in cold gas. The spectrum is part of a study of giant elliptical galaxies to figure out why galaxies of this type do not form stars. The data collected with Herschel showed that, contrary to previous belief, most of these galaxies contain plenty of cold gas – the raw material to form stars – except NGC 1399 and another one. A multi-wavelength study suggests that, while hot gas cools down in these galaxies, stars do not form because of feedback from the central supermassive black hole, which heats up the gas again or pushes it beyond the galaxy's reach. For most galaxies that they observed, the activity of the black hole seems to have put an end to star formation but has not yet succeeded in clearing them of all their cold gas, but in the case of NGC 1399 the feedback cycle appears to be at a more advanced stage, as the jets have hardly left any trace of cold gas.
Ultraluminous X-ray source
In 2010, Chandra X-ray Observatory found the ultraluminous X-rax source. ULX's position is in one of the NGC 1399's globular clusters. That globular cluster is very old and crowded. Evidence from Chandra suggests that white dwarf star has been torn apart by an intermediate-mass black hole. But this is only proposal, and its true nature remains mystery. If confirmed, it would be first black hole found in this setting.
Environment
NGC 1399 is central galaxy of the Fornax cluster, second richest cluster within 100 megaparsecs. It is also central galaxy of main subgroup. Near the NGC 1399 are NGC 1396, NGC 1404 and NGC 1387. There is ultracompact dwarf galaxies surrounding this galaxy. NGC 1427A, an irregular galaxy lies also near the center. Fornax cluster is a place where are ultracompact dwarf galaxies discovered first, in 2003. Almost all of them are surrounding the NGC 1399, as its central galaxy of the cluster.
