A Monopoly price is set by a seller with market power; that is, a seller who can drive up the price by reducing the quantity he sells, as opposed to "perfect competition", under which sellers simply take the market price as given. The simplest case of market power is a monopoly, a firm that lacks any viable competition and is the sole producer of the industry's product. Because a monopoly has market power, it can set a monopoly price that is above the firm's marginal cost. Since marginal cost is the increment in total required to produce an additional unit of the product, the firm is thus able to earn positive economic profits if its fixed cost is low enough. The monopoly will ensure a monopoly price will exist when it establishes the quantity of the product it will sell. As the sole supplier of the product within the market, its sales establish the entire industry's supply within the market, and therefore the monopoly's production and sales decisions can establish a single monopoly price for the industry without any influence from competing firms. The monopoly will always consider the demand for its product as it considers what price is appropriate; such that it will choose a production supply and price combination that will ensure a maximum economic profit. It does this by ensuring the marginal cost is the same as the marginal revenue at the quantity it decides to sell. The marginal revenue is solely determined by the demand for the product within the industry, and is the change in revenue that will occur by lowering the price just enough to ensure a single additional unit will be sold. The marginal revenue is positive, but it is lower than the price associated with it because lowering the price will: Marginal cost solely relates to the firm's technical cost structure within production, and indicates the rise in total cost that must occur for an additional unit to be supplied to the market by the firm. The marginal cost is higher than the average cost because of diminishing marginal product in the short run. Samuelson indicates this point on the Consumer Demand curve is where Price is equal to one over one plus the reciprocal of the price elasticity of demand. This rule does not apply to competitive firms since such firms are price takers, and don't have the market power to control either prices or Industry-Wide Sales. Although the term "markup" is sometimes used in economics to refer to difference between a Monopoly Price and the Monopoly'sMarginal Cost, the term markup is frequently used in American Accounting and Finance to define the difference between the Price of the Product and its per unit Accounting Cost. Accepted Neo-Classical Micro-Economic Theory indicates the American Accounting and Finance definition of markup, as it exists in most Competitive Markets, solely ensures an "Accounting Profit" that will be just enough to solely compensate the Equity owners of a "Competitive Firm" within a "Competitive Market" for the "Economic Cost" they must bear when they decide to hold on to the Firm's Equity. The "Economic Cost" of holding onto Equity at its Present Value is the "Opportunity Cost" the Investor must bare when he gives up the Interest Earnings on Debt of similar Present Value. Economists would indicate a Markup rule on Economic Cost used by a Monopoly to set a "Monopoly Price" that will maximize its Profit, is excessive markup that leads to inefficiencies within an economic system.
Mathematical Derivation - How a Monopoly Sets the Monopoly Price
Mathematically, we derive the general rule a Monopoly uses to maximize Monopoly profit through simple Calculus. We first depict the basic equation for "Economic Profit", in which the Total Economic Cost varies directly with the quantity produced:
This is done by setting the derivative of with respect to Q equal to 0, Profit of a firm is given by total revenue minus total cost:
This yields:
or "Marginal Revenue" = "Marginal Cost". This is usually called the "First Order Conditions" for a Profit Maximum.
According to Samuelson, By definition is the reciprocal of the price elasticity of demand. Hence This gives the markup rule: or, letting be the reciprocal of the price elasticity of demand, Thus the monopolistic firm chooses the quantity at which the demand price satisfies this rule. Since for a price setting firm this means that a firm with market power will charge a price above marginal cost and thus earn a monopoly rent. On the other hand, a competitive firm by definition faces a perfectly elastic demand, hence it believes which means that it sets price equal to marginal cost. The rule also implies that, absent menu costs, a monopolistic firm will never choose a point on the inelastic portion of its demand curve. Furthermore, for an equilibrium to exist in a monopoly or in an oligopoly market, the price elasticity of demand must be less than negative one simply because the price elasticity of demand must be less than negative one for Marginal Revenue to be positive. The Mathematical Profit Maximization Conditions ensure the price elasticity of demand must be less than negative one; since no "Rational Firm" that attempts to maximize its profit would incur additional Cost in order to Reduce Revenue.
