Mirror armour, sometimes referred to as disc armour or as chahār-āyneh or char-aina, was a type of cuirass used mainly in Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe including Indian, Persia, Tibet, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. It literally translates to "four mirrors" which is a reflection of how these pieces looked, which resembles four metal discs or rectangular armour plates. Mirror armor was used in some cultures into the 20th century.
Description and history
"Mirror armour" is a type of partial plate armour which was developed initially from round metal mirrors worn over other armour as enforcement. Metal mirrors in this armour were considered as protection from not only cold steel and arrows, but also supernatural influence. It was believed that mirrors could reflect the evil eye, so they were polished and worn over other armour. Early mirror armour consisted of a round mirror attached to the body with a few leather laces. In Europe, they were known as kardiophylax or apezak and were popular with various Bronze Age civilisations, as well as the Central Asian tribes such as the Saka and Yuezhi, and also among the Sasanians. Late mirror armour took the form of a mirror cuirass, helmet, greaves, and bracers worn with mail. There were two alternative constructions of mirror cuirass:
with discs – two large round mirrors surrounded by smaller mirror plates, such as the Klivanion.
without discs – typically having four mirror plates – frontplate, backplate, and two sideplates joined by hinges or laces.
Early types of this armour were known among the Celtiberians, by the Romans, in the Middle East, Central Asia, India, Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, Indochina and China. Later types of this armour were known in the Middle East, Central Asia, India, and Russia. The mirror cuirass with discs was popular in Turkey and Russia, while that without discs was popular in Persia, Central Asia and India. In India, there was a popular form of brigandine with a few mirror plates riveted to it. According to Bobrov, round metal mirrors worn by Mongolian warriors as armour reinforcement are shown in Persian miniatures of 13c. This is verified by archaeological finds in Central Asia and the Far East. This kind of armour prevailed in Central Asia during 15–17c, and could be worn over any armour including brigandines, lamellar armour, chainmail and even plated mail. In 16c in Persia, mirror plates became much larger and changed their shape to rectangular in order to improve body protection. This improved mirror armour gradually spread during 16–17c to Central Asia and North India. Further improvements were made during the 1640s when mirror plates evolved into mirror cuirass, which sometimes had additional mirror plates used as pauldrons for protection of the shoulder laces. Besides separate mirror plates laced as reinforcement to other armours there were small mirrors that were sewn or riveted to brigandine. Brigandines with such integral reinforcements were very popular at the end of 15th century, but their use had practically been abandoned by the end of 17th century. Many modern army ballistic vests resemble the "Chahar-Aine" layout with basic soft anti-fragmentation armour covering a large area, and two, four or even more bulletproof plates worn above it, thus combining weight saving and freedom of movement with high level of protection of vital areas. Ottoman 15th to 16th century mirror armour is commonly referred to as "Krug", while the name for the same type of armour in Russia is зерцало, and the modern technical term is зерцальный доспех, from the Russian зерцальный – "mirror"; and доспех – "armour".
Gallery
;Mirror armours: ;Brigandines reinforced by mirror plates: ;Cf. analogues which are not mirror armours, but have the same construction:
