A mass call event or mass calling event is a situation in which an extraordinarily high number of telephone calls are attempted into or out of an area, causing tremendous network congestion, and therefore service which is either significantly degraded or potentially almost completely unavailable. The term is typically used with mobile telephony systems, in which there are simply not enough radio channels available in a given cell or cells. This causes blocked calls or dropped calls. However, it can also apply to landline phones, in which not enough trunking telephone circuits are available into and out of any given telephone exchange or equivalent switching office at any level of the public switched telephone network. An MCE is typically caused by a sudden disaster of some sort, such as an earthquake or explosion. One of the earliest examples was the Iroquois Theatre Fire in Chicago in 1903. The 1963 Kennedy assassination represented a mass call event for Washington, DC. One of the most notable examples of a MCE was the 9/11 attacks. A more recent example was the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, in which mobile network service was so degraded by people checking on the safety of friends and family that journalists and the public both assumed that the networks had been shut down to prevent further remote detonations, although this was not the case with any mobile phone company. Access-class barring is one solution in such a situation, allowing public safety personnel such as emergency responders to have priority on the network, as well as general emergency calls to public-safety answering points. This typically only affects voice calls, therefore text messaging is a very effective way of communication during an MCE, as it only needs a brief connection to the network to be sent or received, and uses almost nothing in terms of network resources like bandwidth. Mass call events can also be caused by planned events. In 1982, Eddie Murphy's Larry the Lobster shtick on Saturday Night Live resulted in recordcall volume, as Murphy held a live lobster and declared that the show's audience would determine whether he lived or died via telephone calls. The gathering in Washington, D.C. for the 2009 U.S. Presidential Inauguration of Barack Obama also created a MCE. In this case, network overload was avoided by deploying multiple cell-on-wheels units with their own wireless backhauls. This was a particularly major situation for cell carriers because many attendees wanted to be live on the phone with others who could not attend the ceremony, further increasing network usage.
