List of German Jews
The first Jewish population in the region to be later known as Germany came with the Romans to the city now known as Cologne. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the Ashkenazi Jews, while the persecution and expulsion that followed the Crusades led to the creation of Yiddish and an overall shift eastwards. A change of status in the late Renaissance Era, combined with the Jewish Enlightenment, the Haskalah, meant that by the 1920s Germany had one of the most integrated Jewish populations in Europe, contributing prominently to German culture and society.
The following is a list of some famous Jews from Germany proper. Also note that the idea of German nationality is rather broad, due to the many Germanic tribes, Jewish assimilation into Germany, and separate German ruled states through the history of Europe. Therefore, the same set of people could at times be referred to as Germans, Jews, or German Jews alike.
Historical figures
Politicians
- Fischel Arnheim, politician
- Ludwig Bamberger, politician
- Daniel Cohn-Bendit, member of European Parliament, student leader in 1968
- Wilhelm Dröscher, SPD politician
- Kurt Eisner, Bavarian prime minister
- :de:Fritz Elsas|Fritz Elsas, Mayor of Berlin from 1931 to 1933,
- Heinrich von Friedberg, jurist, statesman
- Karl Rudolf Friedenthal, Prussian politician
- Clement Freud, German-born British MP
- Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Minister in 1923 and from 1928 to 1929
- Alex Himelfarb, ambassador
- Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, Nobel Prize
- Ludwig Landmann, mayor of Frankfurt/Main
- Eduard Lasker, co-founder of the National Liberal Party
- Eugen Leviné, Bavarian prime minister
- Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin, Member of parliament, Green party, Feminist party
- Eduard von Simson, President of the Reichstag, President of the Reichsgericht
- Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic
- Herbert Weichmann, Mayor of Hamburg 1965–1971, president of the German Bundesrat
- Marina Weisband, Ukrainian-born former Pirate Party Germany politician
- Jeanette Wolff, West Berlin politician
- Walter Wolfgang, German-born politician
Activists
- Hedwig Dohm-Schleh, feminist, author
- Nahum Goldmann, president of World Jewish Congress
- Josel of Rosheim, court Jew and Jewish advocate
- Paul Spiegel, leader of the Central Council of Jews in Germany
- Sidonie Werner, women's rights activist
Religious figures
Rabbis
- Aaron ben Benjamin Wolf, Chief Rabbi of Berlin
- Aaron Moses ben Mordecai of East Prussia
- Ahron Daum, Chief Rabbi of Frankfurt am Main
- Samson Raphael Hirsch, intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism
- Immanuel Jakobovits, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain
- Elijah Loans, rabbi of Fulda, Hanau, Friedberg, and Worms
Reform
- Levi Herzfeld, 19th-century proponent of moderate reform
Other
- Ridley Haim Herschell, missionary
- Joseph Wolff, missionary
Scientific figures
Natural scientists
- Adolf von Baeyer, industrial chemist, Nobel Prize
- Norbert Berkowitz, physicist
- Hans Bethe, nuclear physics, Nobel Prize
- Sir Walter Bodmer, medical researcher
- Max Born, quantum mechanics, Nobel Prize
- Heinrich Caro, industrial chemist
- Nikodem Caro, industrial chemist
- Albert Einstein, theoretical physics, Nobel Prize
- Erwin Finlay-Freundlich, astronomer
- James Franck, quantum physics, Nobel Prize
- Adolph Frank, industrial chemist
- Herbert Fröhlich, physicist
- Eugen Glueckauf, chemist, expert on atomic energy
- Hans Goldschmidt, industrial chemist
- Fritz Haber, developed the Haber process, Nobel Prize
- Walter Heitler, chemist
- Arthur Korn, physicist
- Ernst Ising, statistical mechanics
- Albert Ladenburg, chemist
- Fritz London, quantum mechanics
- Leonard Mandel, quantum optics
- Kurt Mendelssohn, German-born British medical physicist
- Viktor Meyer, organic chemist
- Leonor Michaelis, biochemist
- Albert A. Michelson, measured speed of light, Nobel Prize
- Ludwig Mond, chemist and industrialist
- Sir Rudolf Peierls, solid state theory
- Arno Penzias, co-discoverer of CMB, Nobel Prize
- Alfred Philippson, geologist
- John Charles Polanyi, chemist, Nobel Prize
- Ernst Pringsheim, spectrometry, black-body radiation
- Michael Rossmann, physicist and microbiologist
- Rudolf Schoenheimer, biochemist
- Arthur Schuster, spectroscopist
- Karl Schwarzschild, physicist and astronomer
- Franz Simon, physicist, separation of Uranium 235
- Jack Steinberger, particle physics, Nobel Prize
- Otto Stern, experimental physicist, Nobel Prize
- Otto Wallach, chemist, Nobel Prize
- Richard Willstätter, chemist, Nobel Prize
Physicians and medical researchers
- Adolph Baginsky, pediatrician, diphtheria researcher
- Alfred Bielschowsky, ophthalmologist
- Max Bielschowsky, neuropathologist
- Konrad Bloch, biochemist, Nobel Prize
- Marcus Elieser Bloch, physician
- Gustav Born, professor of pharmacology
- Edith Bulbring, professor of pharmacy
- Sir Ernst Chain, developed penicillin, Nobel Prize
- Ferdinand Cohn, pioneer in microbiology
- Julius Friedrich Cohnheim, pathologist
- Paul Ehrlich, developed magic bullet concept, Nobel Prize
- Arthur Eichengrün, possible inventor of aspirin
- Wilhelm Feldberg, biologist
- Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist
- Hermann Friedberg, physician
- Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch, geneticist
- Ernst Gräfenberg, obstetrician, the G-spot
- Martin Gumpert, physician, writer
- Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, physician
- Sir Bernard Katz, biophysicist, Nobel Prize
- Hans Kornberg, biochemist researcher
- Hans Kosterlitz, discovered endorphins
- Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, biochemist, Nobel Prize
- Rudolph Lennhoff, developed the open air cure for tuberculosis
- Fritz Lipmann, biochemist, Nobel Prize
- Jacques Loeb, physiologist
- Otto Loewi, pharmacologist, Nobel Prize
- Elisabeth Mann, biologist
- Otto Meyerhof, biochemist, Nobel Prize
- Oskar Minkowski, physiologist
- Albert Neisser, physician, discovered the cause of gonorrhea
- Emin Pasha, physician, naturalist, explorer
- Nathanael Pringsheim, botanist
- Ottomar Rosenbach, physician
- Moritz Heinrich Romberg, physician, innovative author in neuroscience
- Selma Schwester, longtime head nurse at Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem
- Karl Stern, Canadian neurologist, psychiatrist, author
- Rahel Straus, medical doctor and feminist
- Moritz Traube, biochemist
- Moshe Wallach, founder and director, Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem
- Carl Warburg, doctor of medicine and clinical pharmacologist.
- Otto Heinrich Warburg, physiologist, Nobel Prize
- Karl Weigert, pathologist
Mathematicians
- Felix Bernstein, set theory
- Maurice Block, statistician
- Richard Brauer, modular representation theory
- Paul Cohn, algebraist
- Richard Courant, mathematical analysis and applied mathematics
- Max Dehn, topology
- Paul Epstein, number theory
- Adolf Fraenkel, set theory
- Hans Freudenthal, algebraic topology
- Felix Hausdorff, topology
- Heinz Hopf, topology
- Adolf Hurwitz, mathematician
- Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, analysis
- Leopold Kronecker, number theory
- Edmund Landau, number theory
- Rudolf Lipschitz, mathematician
- Kurt Mahler, mathematician
- Hermann Minkowski, geometrical theory of numbers
- Claus Moser, Statistician
- Leonard Nelson, mathematician, philosopher
- Bernhard Neumann, mathematician
- Emmy Noether, algebra and theoretical physics
- Alfred Pringsheim, analysis, theory of functions
- Richard Rado, combinatorics
- Abraham Robinson, nonstandard analysis)
- Arthur Moritz Schönflies, mathematician
- Issai Schur, mathematician
- Otto Toeplitz, linear algebra and functional analysis
Technical scientists
- Ralph Baer, inventor of the games console
- Emile Berliner, inventor of the gramophone
- Emanuel Goldberg, pioneered Microdots and microfilm retrieval technology
- Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, electrical engineer
- Siegfried Marcus, automobile pioneer
- Michael O. Rabin, computer algorithms, Turing Award
- Reinhold Rudenberg, electrical engineer and inventor,
- Adolf Schallamach, pioneered understanding of friction and wear phenomena in rubber
- Joseph Weizenbaum, AI critic, ELIZA
Psychologists
- Karl Abraham, psychoanalyst
- Rudolf Arnheim, perception theorist
- Erik Erikson, developmental psychologist
- Erich Fromm, psychologist and humanistic philosopher
- Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, psychoanalyst
- Kurt Goldstein, Gestalt-influenced neurologist
- Max Hamilton, psychiatrist
- Magnus Hirschfeld, sexologist
- Kurt Koffka, Gestalt psychologist
- Kurt Lewin, social psychologist
- Hugo Münsterberg, industrial psychologist
- Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist
- Erich Neumann, analytical psychologist
- Fritz Perls, psychotherapist
- Harvey Schloesser, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
- Otto Selz, cognitive psychologist
- William Stern, the Intelligence Quotient
- Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychologist
Academic figures
Philosophers
- Theodor Adorno, philosopher
- Ernst Bloch, philosopher
- Constantin Brunner, philosopher
- Ernst Cassirer, philosopher
- Hermann Cohen, philosopher
- Friedrich Dessauer, philosopher
- Max Dessoir, philosopher
- Julius Frauenstädt, philosopher
- Kurt Grelling, philosopher
- Richard Hönigswald
- Max Horkheimer, philosopher and sociologist
- Edmund Husserl, philosopher
- Hans Jonas, philosopher
- Horace Kallen, philosopher
- Adolf Lasson, philosopher
- Theodor Lessing, philosopher, writer
- Karl Löwith, philosopher
- Salomon Maimon, philosopher
- Fritz Mauthner, author and philosopher
- Moses Mendelssohn, philosopher, scholar
- Helmuth Plessner, philosopher
- Hans Reichenbach, philosopher
- Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, philosopher
- Max Scheler, philosopher
- Kurt Sternberg, philosopher
- Richard Rudolf Walzer, philosopher
Economists
- Robert Aumann, Nobel Prize for Economics
- Richard Ehrenberg, economist
- Ludwig Lachmann, economist
- Emil Lederer, economist
- Robert Liefmann, economist
- Adolph Lowe, economist
- Rosa Luxemburg, economist, co-founder of the KPD
- Fritz Naphtali, economist, editor, later Israeli finance minister
- Sigbert Prais, economist
- Reinhard Selten, Nobel prize
- Hans Singer, economist
Social Scientists
- Reinhard Bendix, sociologist
- Eduard Bernstein, founder of evolutionary socialism
- Franz Boas, cultural anthropologist
- Lewis A. Coser, sociologist
- Norbert Elias, sociologist
- Amitai Etzioni, sociologist
- Shelomo Dov Goitein, Arabist
- Moses Hess, socialist
- Eugene Kamenka, sociologist
- Siegfried Kracauer, sociologist and film critic
- Ferdinand Lassalle, founder of first German worker's party
- Karl Mannheim, sociologist
- Herbert Marcuse, sociologist, New Left figurehead
- Karl Marx, founder of Marxism
- Franz Oppenheimer, sociologist and economist
- Leo Loewenthal, sociologist
- Georg Simmel, sociologist
- Georg Steindorff, Egyptologist
- Jacob Taubes, theologist
- Louis Wirth, sociologist
Historians
- Ernst Bernheim, historian
- Walter Cahn, art historian
- Colin Eisler, art historian
- Geoffrey Rudolph Elton
- Richard Ettinghausen, art historian
- Henry Friedlander, historian
- Peter Gay, historian
- Heinrich Graetz, historian
- George W. F. Hallgarten, historian
- Eric Hobsbawm, historian
- Isaak Markus Jost, historian
- Ernst Kantorowicz, historian of medieval political and intellectual history
- Richard Krautheimer, historian
- Arno Lustiger, historian
- Lothar Machtan
- Golo Mann, historian
- George Mosse, historian
- Erwin Panofsky, art historian
- Otto Rahn, historian of legends about the holy grail
- Hans Rothfels, historian
- Fritz Stern, historian
- Aby Warburg, art historian
- Rudolf Wittkower, architectural and art historian
- Michael Wolffsohn, historian
Jurists
- Hannah Arendt, political theorist
- Jacob Friedrich Behrend, jurist
- David Daube, Professor of Law
- Heinrich Dernburg, jurist
- Victor Ehrenberg, jurist
- Hugo Haase, jurist
- Sir Otto Kahn-Freund, Professor of Law
- Hermann Kantorowicz, jurist
- Walter Kaskel, jurist
- Robert Kempner, jurist
- Paul Laband, jurist, b. Breslau
- Otto Lenel, jurist
- Franz Neumann, legal theorist
- Arthur Nussbaum, jurist
- Joseph Süss Oppenheimer, financial planner and court Jew
- Gabriel Riesser, deputy speaker of Frankfurt Assembly in 1848, first Jewish judge in Hamburg
- Rudolf Schlesinger, jurist
- Georg Schwarzenberger, jurist
- Hugo Sinzheimer, legal scholar
- Sigmund Zeisler, jurist
Linguists and philologists
- Paulus Aemilius, professor of Hebrew
- Theodor Benfey, linguist
- Eduard Fraenkel, philologist
- Wilhelm Freund, philologist
- Ludwig Friedländer, philologist
- Julius Fürst, orientalist
- Theodor Goldstücker, linguist
- Moshe Goshen-Gottstein, linguist
- Victor Klemperer, linguist and diarist
- Siegbert Salomon Prawer, Professor of German
- Chaim Menachem Rabin, linguist
- Edward Sapir, anthropologist-linguist
- Ernest Simon, professor of Chinese
- Heymann Steinthal, linguist
Educationalists
- Lewis Elton, educationalist
- Kurt Hahn, educationalist
- Henriette May, German Jewish educator and women's activist
Showbusiness
- Hugo Egon Balder, comedian, producer,
- Ludwig Berger, director
- Lotte Berk, dancer and health guru
- Christian Berkel, actor
- Kurt Bernhardt, director
- Ludwig Blattner: film producer and studio owner, developer of the first magnetic tape recorder.
- Artur Brauner, film producer
- Friedrich Dalsheim, director
- Michael Degen, actor
- Ernst Dohm, actor, editor
- Hedwig Dohm-Pringsheim, actress
- E.A. Dupont, director
- Michel Friedman, TV personality
- Kurt Gerron, stage actor and film director
- Dora Gerson, actress, cabaret singer
- Therese Giehse, actress Pepermill
- Lou Jacobs, clown
- Ludwig Karl Koch, broadcaster and sound recordist
- Werner Klemperer, Movie, TV Hogan's Heroes and Broadway actor, violinist
- Carl Laemmle, film producer
- Ernst Lubitsch, director
- Jeanine Meerapfel, film director and screenwriter
- Max Ophüls, film director
- Richard Oswald, director
- Ferdinand Eduard Pahnecke, actor
- Lilli Palmer, actress
- Hans Rosenthal, one of Germany's most popular TV personalities in history
- Susan Sideropoulos, actress
- Robert Siodmak, director
- Ruth Westheimer, sex therapist
- Konrad Wolf, film director
- Peter Zadek, theatre director
Musicians
- Samuel Adler, composer
- Haim Alexander, composer
- Tzvi Avni, composer
- Paul Ben-Haim, composer
- Julius Benedict, composer
- Herman Berlinski, American composer, organist, pianist, musicologist and choir conductor
- Wolf Biermann, singer/songwriter
- Yehezkel Braun, Israeli composer
- Manfred Bukofzer, musicologist
- Paul Dessau, composer
- Abel Ehrlich, Israeli composer
- Alfred Einstein, musicologist
- Hanns Eisler, German-born composer
- Lukas Foss, composer and conductor
- Alexander Goehr, composer
- Walter Goehr, conductor
- Berthold Goldschmidt, composer
- Bernard Greenhouse, cellist
- Nina Hagen, German-Jewish origin from her father's side, Punk Rock Singer, she was considered an opera prodigy by the time she was nine. Her paternal grandfather died in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
- George Henschel, singer and conductor
- Alfred Hertz, conductor
- André Herzberg, musician
- Gerard Hoffnung, musicologist
- Friedrich Holländer, composer
- Salomon Jadassohn, composer
- Leon Jessel, composer
- Robert Kahn, composer
- Otto Klemperer, conductor
- Robert Lachmann, musicologist
- Ludwig Lenel, organist and composer
- Hermann Levi, conductor
- Alfred Lion and Frank Wulff, founders of Blue Note Records
- Edward Lowinsky, musicologist
- Gustav Mahler, composer
- Michael Mann, musician
- Arnold Mendelssohn, organist
- Felix Mendelssohn, composer and conductor
- Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, composer
- Giacomo Meyerbeer, composer
- Ben-Zion Orgad, Israeli composer
- Menahem Pressler, pianist
- André Previn, conductor
- Franz Reizenstein, pianist, composer
- Curt Sachs, musicologist, co-founder of modern organology
- Kurt Sanderling, conductor
- Adolf Martin Schlesinger, music publisher
- Arnold Schoenberg, composer
- Heinrich Sontheim, tenor
- William Steinberg, conductor
- Erich Walter Sternberg, composer
- Josef Tal, composer
- Ilia Trilling, synagogue composer
- Ignatz Waghalter, composer and conductor
- Bruno Walter, conductor
- Franz Waxman, film composer
- Kurt Weill, composer
- Indira Weiss, singer and actress
- Hans Winterberg, composer
- Stefan Wolpe, composer
- Alec Empire, member of Atari Teenage Riot
- Hilde Zadek, soprano
- Aron Liedtke, music producer
- Hans Zimmer, film score composer and record producer
Artists
- Anni Albers, textile designer
- Frank Auerbach, painter
- Eduard Bendemann, painter
- Martin Bloch, British painter
- Erwin Blumenfeld, photographer
- Alfred Eisenstaedt, photographer
- Benno Elkan, sculptor
- James Ingo Freed, architect
- Gisèle Freund, photographer
- Eva Hesse, materials artist
- Erich Kahn, painter, expressionist
- Eugen Kaufmann, architect
- Hugo Lederer sculptor
- Ludwig Levy, architect
- Max Liebermann, painter
- Wilhelm Löwith, artist
- Peter Max, pop artist
- Ludwig Meidner, painter
- Erich Mendelsohn, architect
- Fritz Nathan, Architekt
- Helmut Newton, photographer
- Felix Nussbaum, painter
- Meret Oppenheim, surrealist
- Erwin Panofsky, art historian
- Martin Erich Philipp, artist
- Hans Schleger, designer
- Charlotte Salomon, artist
- Erich Salomon, news photographer
- Erna Weill, sculptor
- Victor Weisz, Vicky, cartoonist
Writers
- Erich Auerbach, literature critic
- Berthold Auerbach, author and poet
- Julius Bab, dramatist and theater critic
- Jurek Becker, writer
- Maxim Biller, writer
- Ludwig Börne, satirist
- Otto Brahm, literary critic
- Henryk Broder, journalist
- Walter Benjamin, literary critic and philosopher
- Emil Carlebach, writer, dissident
- Joseph Derenbourg, orientalist, father of Hartwig Derenbourg
- Hilde Domin, poet
- Lion Feuchtwanger, novelist
- Hubert Fichte, author
- Anne Frank, diarist
- Karen Gershon, poet
- Friedrich Gundolf, literary man
- Glückel of Hameln, 18th-century Yiddish diarist
- Maximilian Harden, journalist
- Heinrich Heine, poet
- Stefan Heym, novelist, politician
- Wolfgang Hildesheimer
- Edgar Hilsenrath, novelist
- Daniel Hoffmann, writer and philologist
- Barbara Honigmann, writer
- Heinrich Eduard Jacob, writer and journalist
- Siegfried Jacobsohn, journalist and theater critic
- Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter
- Wladimir Kaminer, short story writer
- Judith Kerr, children's writer
- Victor Klemperer, writer
- Else Lasker-Schüler, writer, poet and artist
- Claire Loewenfeld, writer and herbalist.
- Hugo Lubliner, dramatist.
- Emil Ludwig, writer
- Gila Lustiger, author
- Erika Mann, writer, actress
- Klaus Mann, writer
- Monika Mann, writer
- Liselotte Marshall, novelist
- Julius Mosen, born Moses
- Erich Mühsam, anarchist poet
- Henning Pawel, children's author, writer
- Solomon Perel, author
- Marcel Reich-Ranicki, literary critic
- H. A. Rey and Margret Rey, creators of Curious George
- Renate Rubinstein
- Nelly Sachs, poet, Nobel Prize
- Anna Seghers, novelist
- Oskar Seidlin, writer
- Rafael Seligmann, writer
- Süßkind von Trimberg, medieval writer, minnesinger
- Kurt Tucholsky, writer
- Samuel Ullman, poet
- Rahel Varnhagen, writer and saloniste
- Moritz Callmann Wahl
- Jakob Wassermann, novelist
- Trude Weiss-Rosmarin
- Jeanette Wohl
- Friedrich Wolf, writer, physician
- Carl Zuckmayer, playwright
- Arnold Zweig, writer
- Stefan Zweig, novelist, playwright and journalist, best known for his autobiographies
Entrepreneurs
- Alfred Beit, financier
- Sir Ernest Cassel, banker
- Maurice de Hirsch, banker
- Sir Robert Mayer, German-born businessman and philanthropist
- Marcus Goldman, German-born banker, co-founder of Goldman Sachs
- Abraham Kuhn and Solomon Loeb, founders of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
- Henry Lehman, Emanuel Lehman and Mayer Lehman, German-born bankers, co-founders of former bank Lehman Brothers
- Joseph Mendelssohn, founder of former bank Mendelssohn & Co.
- Salomon Oppenheim, founder of bank Sal. Oppenheim
- Ernest Oppenheimer, diamond and gold mining entrepreneur and financier who controlled De Beers and founded the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa
- Emil Rathenau, founder of AEG
- Hugo Reiss
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild, founder of British company N M Rothschild & Sons
- Hermann Tietz, founder of Hertie, a department store
- Leopold Ullstein, founder of publishing company Ullstein Verlag
- Moses Marcus Warburg and Gerson Warburg, co-founder of M. M. Warburg & Co., German bank
- Georg Wertheim, founder of former Wertheim, a department store
- Stef Wertheimer "77-year-old German-born Stef Wertheimer"
- Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, founder of Harland and Wolff
Sports
- Alon Abelski, football player
- Eugen Sandow, bodybuilding pioneer
- Rudi Ball, ice hockey player, right wing, Olympic bronze, world runner-up, bronze
- Gretel Bergmann, high jumper
- Hans Berliner, world postal chess champion
- Barney Dreyfuss, co-founder of the World Series
- Alfred Flatow, 3 time Olympic gymnastics champion, silver
- Gustav Felix Flatow, 2 time Olympic gymnastics champion
- Gottfried Fuchs, soccer player,
- Ludwig Guttmann, founder of the Paralympics
- Lilli Henoch, world records ; shot by the Nazis in Latvia
- Julius Hirsch, footballer, German champion, killed during the Holocaust
- Bernhard Horwitz, chess player
- Herbert Klein, swimmer, Olympic bronze ; 3 world records
- Emanuel Lasker, world chess champion
- Henry Laskau, racewalker, won 42 national titles; Pan American champion; 4x Maccabiah champion
- Helene Mayer, foil fencer, Olympic champion
- Sarah Poewe, swimmer, Olympic bronze
- Ellen Preis , German-born Austrian Olympic champion foil fencer
- Daniel Prenn, tennis player, highest world ranking
# 6 - Gil Shohat, football player
- Anton Shynder, football player
- Siegbert Tarrasch, chess player
Military
Literature
- Walter Tetzlaff, ed. "2000 Kurzbiographien bedeutender deutscher Juden des 20. Jahrhunderts".