List of Australian penal colonies
The following is a list of Australian penal colonies that existed from the establishment of European presence in the 1780s up until the nineteenth century. The term colony had referred to settlements and larger land areas at that time.
| Colony | State | Year opened | Year closed |
| Cockatoo Island | New South Wales | 1839 | 1869 |
| Rose Hill | New South Wales | 1787? | |
| Sydney Cove | New South Wales | 1788 | 1840 |
| Moreton Bay | Queensland | 1824 | |
| Redcliffe | Queensland | 1823 | 1824 |
| Maria Island | Van Diemen's Land | 1825 | 1851 |
| Port Arthur | Van Diemen's Land | ||
| Richmond | Van Diemen's Land | ||
| Risdon Cove | Van Diemen's Land | ||
| Sarah Island, part of the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station | Van Diemen's Land | 1822 | 1833 |
| Saltwater River | Van Diemen's Land | ||
| Sullivan's Cove | Van Diemen's Land | ||
| King George's Sound | Western Australia | 1826 | 1832 |
| Swan River Colony | Western Australia | 1850 | 1868 |
| Norfolk Island | Other | 1788 | 1855 |