Land footprint is the real amount of land, wherever it is in the world, that is needed to produce a product, or used by an organisation or by a nation.
Origins
Land footprint is a consumption-based indicator, i.e. it looks at the resources needed to create a final product, or by an organisation or country, wherever they are in the world. This is in contrast to production-based indicators, which just look at resource use within a country. For example, cows will require land to graze on within a country, but may also be fed by feed grown on land in another country. This production vs consumption approach is extensively discussed in greenhouse gas emissions accounting, where carbon footprint is the consumption-based indicator.
Related concepts
Land footprint is closely linked to a number of other concepts, including:
Ghost acres, a term that started to be in use in the 1960s, for example by Georg Borgström in his book "The Hungry Planet: The modern world at the edge of Famine" in 1965, refers to the area of land abroad that is used to grow feed for animals within a country.
Embedded land or "Virtual land", is the land that is effectively embedded in an imported product; i.e. the land used to produce the product.
Global cropland, as used in the International Resource Panel report on global land use, is part of the total land footprint, but doesn't include e.g. built-up land.
Indirect land use change, used in the debate on biofuels, is a related concept, that looks at the land needed to grow biofuels, then considers the indirect impacts that this use of land may have on other land use in the country concerned.
Ecological footprint is measured using a different approach, with two key differences to land footprint:
Ecological footprint adds together both real land use and an calculated area of forest to absorb CO2 emissions, to incorporate part of the impacts of climate change. In contrast, land footprint looks only at real land use, and is often used in association with carbon footprint to cover all climate changing emissions.
Ecological footprint adjusts land areas to global hectares, while land footprint is based on real land area - or an estimate of it.
Research
The International Resource Panel has produced a detailed report on land, "Assessing global land use: Balancing consumption with sustainable supply", which establishes a planetary boundary for cropland, and proposes a potential safe operating space target of 0.2 ha of cropland per person per year. This is in contrast to the current EU use of cropland of around 0.31 ha per person per year. The most detailed study of Europe's land footprint and how this is traded with the rest of the work was published by Sustainable European Research Institute in 2011. A briefing on this study is available from Friends of the Earth Europe. A study of Germany's land balance modelled the impact of changes in diet and consumption of stimulants on Germany's land balance. It found that a switch to a healthier diet, with less meat and with reduced stimulants, could lead to no net land imports, while a switch to vegetarian or vegan diets would lead to Germany being a net exporter of land. Sustainable Europe Research Institute have also examined potential scenarios for reducing Europe's land footprint, including dietary changes.
In policy
The EU's 7th Environmental action plan calls for examination of land footprints: The European Parliament's own initiative report on "Resource efficiency: moving towards a circular economy", which was voted on 9 July 2015, includes the following text calling for action from the European Commission on land and other footprints: A study of the four resource footprint indicators, carried for the European Commission examined what data was available to measure the land footprint, carbon footprint, water footprint & material footprint at economy level. This study concluded that Land Footprint needed methodological improvement and harmonisation, and that a common, international, multi-regional input output database would make it easier to calculate all four footprints. Friends of the Earth Europe, together with a wider Land Footprint Coalition, has been advocating for Land Footprint to be used to measure resource consumption, as part of a wider project that argues that four footprints - land, water, carbon & material - are an effective way of measuring & managing Europe's resource use. The coalition, which includes Slow Food Europe and Birdlife, are also calling for Europe to reduce its land footprint.
