The Kildare Poems or Kildare Lyrics are a group of sixteen poems written in an Irish dialect of Middle English and dated to the mid-14th century. Together with a second, shorter set of poems in the so-called Loscombe Manuscript, they constitute the first and most important linguistic document of the early development of Irish English in the centuries after the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland. The sixteen poems have religious and satirical contents. They are preserved in a single manuscript, where they are scattered between a number of Latin and Old French texts. The conventional modern designation "Kildare poems" refers both to the town of Kildare in Ireland, which has been proposed as their likely place of origin, and to the name of the author of at least one of the poems, who calls himself "Michael Kildare". The poems have been edited by W. Heuser and A. Lucas.
History
The Kildare Poems are found in a manuscript that was produced around 1330. It is a small parchment book, measuring only 140 mm by 95 mm, and may have been produced as "a travelling preacher’s 'pocket-book'" The authors or compilers were probably Franciscan friars. Scholars have debated whether the poems' likely place of origin is Kildare in eastern Ireland or Waterford in the south. The case for Kildare is based mostly on the reference to the authorship of "Michael of Kildare", and a reference to one "Piers of Birmingham", who is known to have lived in Kildare and who was buried in the Franciscanchurch in Kildare. The case for Waterford is based, among other things, on a reference to "yung men of Waterford" in one part of the manuscript, as well as on certain dialectal features. It has also been surmised that a core of the work was produced in Kildare and then copied and expanded with further material in Waterford. The manuscript was in the possession of George Wyse during the 16th century. In 1608, the manuscript was noted by the antiquarian Sir James Ware, who described it as "a smale olde booke in parchment called the booke of Rose or of Waterford". Ware made several excerpts from the book, including the "Yung men of Waterford" poem that is no longer found in Harley 913 today. Ware's manuscript copy has been preserved as Ms. Landsdowne 418 in the British Library. Later, the original book came into the possession of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, whose library was acquired by the British Museum in 1754. A first modern printed edition of the text was published by Thomas Wright in Reliquiae Antiquae I in 1841. A standard philological edition of the text is that by Wilhelm Heuser ; a more recent edition was offered by Angela Lucas in 1995.
Contents
The religious and satirical contents of the Kildare poems are thought to display ideas characteristic of Franciscan concerns, including a concern for the poor and a dislike of older, established monastic orders. The Kildare poems comprise the following items:
The Land of Cokaygne: a satirical piece about a corrupt community of monks, who lead a life of fantastic luxury and dissipation in the mythical land of Cockaigne. This satire may be directed against the Cistercian abbey at Inislounaght, near Waterford.
Five hateful things: a short, seven-line poem expressing a gnomic saying about human vices
Satire : a satirical piece about human vices, in twenty short stanzas, each in the form of an incantation to a different saint
Song of Michael of Kildare: a religious poem, considered the most ambitious literary work among this group of poems, and the only one that names its author.
Sarmun, Fifteen Signs before Judgment, Fall and Passion, Ten Commandments: four religious verse sermons, in rhymed quatrains
Christ on the Cross: a religious poem in irregular rhymed long lines
Lollai, Lollai, litil child: a religious poem in the form of a lullaby song directed to a child
Piers of Bermingham: an obituary of an English knight, Sir Piers of Birmingham ), who is praised for his military exploits against the Irish and whose death is dated to 13 April 1308.
Repentance of Love, a brief poem of three quatrains expressing a lover's complaint
Nego, a moral poem about denial, symbolized by the Latin word negō
Erth a moral poem about earth, in two parallel versions in English and Latin
Linguistic features
The Kildare Poems show many linguistic features common to the Middle English dialects of the west and south-west of England, from which most English-speaking settlers in medieval Ireland had come, but they also display a number of unique features that point towards an independent development of English dialects in Ireland, either because of levelling between different source dialects of English, or because of the influence of Irish. Among the conspicuous features are:
Occasional replacement of th with t. This may reflect fortition of /θ/ to a dental stop, as found in some later forms of Irish English.
Voicing of initial /f/ to /v/, while older /v/ is rendered as <w>
Loss of nasals before coronal stops: fowden for founden, powde for pound
h-dropping in words like is for his, abbiþ for habbiþ
raising of short /e/ to /i/ in unstressed final syllables
metathesis in words like fryst < first, gradener < gardener, possibly related to similar phenomena in Irish
epenthesis of <e> in consonant clusters in some words like Auerill < April, uerisse < freshe, also possibly related to similar phenomena in Irish and in later forms of Irish English
Text sample
The following is a passage from the Land of Cokaygne, describing the immoral conduct of monks and nuns:
