Kasa Jizō is a Japanese folk tale about an old couple whose generosity is rewarded by the bodhisattvaKṣitigarbha, whose name is Jizō in Japanese. The story is commonly handed down by parents to their children in order to instill moral values, as it is grounded in Buddhist thought. An alternative title, Kasako Jizō can be found in Iwate and Fukushima Prefectures. Its origins belong in the Tōhoku and Niigata regions, with the oldest dispensations coming from Hokuriku, as well as areas of Western Japan such as Hiroshima and Kumamoto Prefectures. Its precise origin, however, remains unknown.
Summary
One day in the snowy country there lived an incredibly impoverished elderly couple. On New Year's Day, the couple realized that they were unable to afford mochi. The old man decided to go into town to sell his home-made kasa, but his endeavors proved unsuccessful. Due to the horrible weather conditions, the old man gave up the task and made his trek back home. In the blizzard, the old man came across a line of Jizō statues, to whom he decided to give his kasa as an offering, as well to keep their heads clear of snow. However, he only had enough kasa on hand to give to all but one statue. He gave the remaining statue his tenugui and went on his way. Upon returning home, he relayed the scenario to his wife, who praised him for his virtuous deed, without criticizing his inability to purchase any New Year mochi. That evening, while the couple was asleep, there came a heavy thumping sound from outside the house. They opened the door to find a great pile of treasures, consisting of such goods as rice, vegetables, gold coins, and mochi. The old couple watched on as the Jizō statues marched off into the snowy distance. Having repaid the old man for his selflessness, the couple was able to celebrate the New Year.
Analysis
While the tale has its visual basis in the bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha, the reciprocal character as expressed by the statues is reminiscent of the Shintō deities known as toshigami. These deities are generally believed to bring about good fortune for the New Year and exist in a variety of regional forms, such as the Namahage of Akita Prefecture and the Toshidon of Kagoshima Prefecture. A similar comparison can be made regarding the marebito. Furthermore, while the presence of multiple Jizō tends to amount to six, variations within the story exist such as there being only one, three, seven, or as many as twelve statues.
Variations
Some variations of the story are as follows:
The old man gives his own kasa in place of a tenugui
One Jizō statue returns the old man's gift rather than a group of statues
In place of gifts, the old couple are escorted to the Western Pure Land
There is a version of this story in Niigata called Chijimi Jizō wherein the old man uses ojiyachijimi fabric instead of a kasa. In another version, the old man's wife creates spools of thread to be sold in town. In Western Japan, there is a variation wherein the old man carries a Jizō statue back to his house. His wife becomes angry and rice pours out of the statue's body. Greedy for more rice, the wife pounds the statue's belly, at which point the rice stops flowing.
Modern references
In the Nintendo Switchvideo gameSuper Mario Odyssey, Bowser's Kingdom features an area where a row of five Jizō statues can be seen. They are all wearing kasa, possibly in reference to the folktale. This connection is further implied by the ability to possess a statue by striking it with Mario's cap. Also, Kasa Jizō is a unit in the gameThe Battle Cats, with one of the forms showing Jizō without his hat on, in reference to giving his last kasa away.
