The Reform Committee was an organisation of prominent Johannesburg citizens which existed late 1895/early 1896. The Transvaalgold rush had brought in a considerable foreign population, chiefly British although there were substantial minorities from other nations, who the Boer referred to as Uitlanders. These immigrants, who were by far the wealthiest part of the community, formed a Reform Committee headed by Lionel Phillips, Charles Leonard, Colonel Frank Rhodes, John Hays Hammond, Chief mining engineer from California Victor Clement, and a few others. They demanded a stable constitution, a fair franchise law, an independent judiciary, a better educational system, etc. The Government under President Paul Kruger made promises but failed to keep them. Some members of the Committee had been instrumental in the preparation for the Jameson Raid. Leander Starr Jameson had been in charge of Matabeleland when he overstepped his authority and invaded Transvaal with 1 500 troops, greatly exacerbating the many adverse conditions that would lead to both the Second Matabele War and the Second Boer War. Upon Jameson's capture and surrender to the forces of the South African Republic in December 1895, the Committee took charge of the peace and security of Johannesburg, before conceding control back to the Boer authorities some days later. For conspiring with Jameson, the members of the Reform Committee were charged, confined in deplorable conditions, and finally found guilty of high treason against the Transvaal. Many received severe sentences, including death; however, the majority of the membership escaped with high fines in January 1896. When a second trial of the Reform Committee was called in late April, the leaders were condemned to death by hanging; however, these punishments were commuted to fines and imprisonment the next day, as a gesture of magnanimity on the part of President Paul Kruger and his government. For the next few weeks, the Reform Committee leaders were jailed in deplorable conditions and some, including Hammond, nearly died. In May it was announced that the Reform Committee leaders would have to spend 15 years in prison, but by mid-June Kruger released Hammond and the final six Reform Committee members still in jail after each paid a $125,000 fine.
