After his one season at UTEP, Casteel moved to West Virginia University to join head coach Rich Rodriguez and coach the defensive line for the 2001 season. He was elevated to co-defensive coordinator alongside Todd Graham in 2002 and eventually became the full-time defensive coordinator and linebackers coach in 2003. In 2005, the Mountaineers defense ranked 15th in the nation in total defense and 13th in points allowed under Casteel. In 2006, the Mountaineers pass defense ranked #109 out of the nation, 119 teams. The next season, 2007, the acquisitions of safety Ryan Mundy and freshman defensive backs helped the Mountaineer defense to a top 10 defensive ranking. His 2007 defense also ranked in the top 30 in eight categories. The Mountaineers finished seventh in the nation in total defense, eighth in scoring defense and 14th in pass efficiency defense. Following the season, Casteel was named the Defensive Coordinator of the Year by Rivals.com. When former head coach Rodriguez departed West Virginia to accept the head coaching job at the University of Michigan, Casteel originally planned to follow Rodriguez. But after interim head coach Bill Stewart was promoted to head coach following Mountaineers' victory over the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2008 Fiesta Bowl, Casteel decided to stay at West Virginia. For the 2008 season, Casteel and the new defensive staff helped the young Mountaineers defense to a #1 redzone defense national ranking, a #11 scoring defense national ranking, a #11 fourth down defensive national ranking, and a #16 passing efficiency defense national ranking. These Top 20 ranking were despite starting a true freshman at safety, Robert Sands, and the loss of all-conference linebacker Reed Williams to a medical redshirt.
Arizona
Following West Virginia's victory in the 2012 Orange Bowl, Casteel departed to join the staff at Arizona under Rich Rodriguez, who was hired as head coach in November 2011. An official announcement and Casteel's formal introduction to the Tucson media was made on January 11, 2012. On January 4, 2016, Jeff Casteel was fired as the Arizona Defensive Coordinator. Casteel was offered the defensive coordinator position at UTEP prior to the 2016 season, but turned it down. Instead, Casteel spent the 2016 season watching his son, Jack, play linebacker for Northern Arizona. It was the first time in 31 years that Casteel took a year off from coaching.
Nevada
On December 19, 2016, Casteel was announced as the new defensive coordinator and linebackers coach for the University of Nevada, Reno under head coach Jay Norvell. Casteel will earn $225,000 annually, the most ever for a Nevada Wolfpack football assistant coach. Nevada and Casteel used the 3-3-5 as the base defense.
