Japanese rebus monogram
A Japanese rebus monogram is a monogram in a particular style, which spells a name via a rebus, as a form of Japanese wordplay or visual pun. Today they are most often seen in corporate logos or product logos.
These symbols are particularly common for traditional food brands, notably soy sauce. An example is the logo for Yamasa soy sauce, which is a ∧ with a サ under it. This is read as Yama, for +.
Composition
The monogram is composed of two parts: one a Japanese character, most often kanji, but also katakana or hiragana; the other a simple symbol, such as a circle or square. The symbol is pronounced according to its name, and together these form a Japanese name.Japanese family names are generally two kanji characters, each usually of one or two morae – hence one or two hiragana or katakana if written that way – and thus can be represented as one symbol plus one kanji character, sometimes one hiragana or katakana. Only a few symbols are used, and thus only a few names can be written as a monogram this way. A name may be represented by a symbol that does not correspond to it but is homophonous – further punning – which is aided by the large degree of homophony in Japanese. For example, in a name may be represented by the symbol ┐, though this actually corresponds to ; or in a name may be represented by the symbol ○, though this actually corresponds to.
Variations
There are many variations on this basic design – only one character from the name may be used, the pronunciation need not correspond to an actual name, other typographical symbols can be used, two symbols may be used – for example, Maruyama can be spelt as ○∧ – and unpronounceable or unpronounced symbols may also be incorporated decoratively.For example, the Yamasa symbol was created as a modification of the boat emblem of the Kishū branch of the Tokugawa clan, which was composed as ∧ + キ, with キ for ki in Kishū and the ∧ purely decorative. The Yamasa variant turned the キ on its side and reinterpreted it as a サ sa; the resulting Yamasa reading does not correspond to an actual name, though it sounds like a family name and such a family name does exist.
These readings are used for other symbols as well. Most commonly, a circled symbol is pronounced maru +, for "circle"; circling a symbol is common, dating to circular seals. A notable example is the tax inspection division of the National Tax Agency, which uses a circled as their symbol. They are thus known colloquially as the Marusa, from 〇査. This is notably present in the movie title A Taxing Woman. As katakana this would be written as ㋚; see Enclosed CJK Letters and Months for standard circled symbols.
soy sauce
Rarer variants exist, like for Kikkoman soy sauce, which uses a hexagon to symbolize a tortoise shell, with inside.
Common symbols
Only a handful of symbols are commonly used, though some have different readings; these are:| Symbol | Reading | Kanji | Description | Other character's position |
| 〇 | maru | 丸 | circle | inside the circle |
| 〇 | en | 円 | circle | |
| ∧ | yama | 山 | mountain | under the mountain |
| ┐ | kane | 矩 | carpenter's square | inside the angle |
| ┐ | kado | 角 | corner | |
| □ | kaku | 角 | box | inside the box |
| ♢ | hishi, bishi | 菱 | diamond, rhombus | inside the box |
Terminology
There is no standard everyday Japanese term for these monograms. Rather, they are referred to by their use, such as "trade name", "store name", etc., or generically as "symbol", "symbol mark", etc.History
As designs and corporate symbols, these date at least to the mid-17th century, and early on were featured on noren, as the example of Yamasa indicates. They presumably come from the graphic tradition of the battlefield flags of the Warring States Period, as seen in the simple clan name designs of Sashimono and Uma-jirushi. More broadly, these come from the same heraldic tradition as mon, where family emblems are pronounced according to the design, yielding the family name, as in Mitsu-ya. Note that while many mon feature a kanji from the family name, the mon as a whole is not pronounceable as the full name.During the Edo period, pictorial rebuses known as were immensely popular, and involved similar wordplay; see Rebus#Japan. Today the most often seen of these pictorial symbols is a picture of a sickle, a circle, and the letter, read as, interpreted as, the old-fashioned form of. This is known as the, and dates to circa 1700, being used in kabuki since circa 1815.