Janus kinase 3 inhibitor


Janus Kinase 3 inhibitors, also called JAK3 inhibitors, are a new class of immunomodulatory agents that inhibit Janus Kinase 3. They are used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The Janus Kinases is a family of four nonreceptor tyrosine-protein kinases, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. They signal via the JAK/STAT pathway which is important in regulating the immune system. Expression of JAK3 is largely restricted to lymphocytes, while the others are ubiquitously expressed, and therefore selective targeting of JAK3 over the other JAK isozymes is attractive as a possible treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Mechanism of action

Janus kinase 3 inhibitors work by inhibiting the action of the enzyme Janus Kinase 3 and therefore interferes with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. JAK3 is required for signaling by cytokines through the common γ chain of the interleukin receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15 and IL-21. However JAK1 is also required as the two kinases cooperate for signaling. Signaling leads to phosphorylation and dimerization of the adaptor proteins STAT. When activated they translocate into the nucleus where they modulate gene transcription. By selectively inhibiting JAK3, downward signaling can be blocked.
JAK3 is crucial in transmitting signals from cytokines that are responsible for either T-cell proliferation, differentiation, or development. It is also of high importance in the development of B-cells and NK-cells. Therefore, inhibition of JAK3, could prove to be a powerful immunosuppressant. Since JAK3 is restricted to the immune system, while the other JAKs such as JAK1 are much more broadly expressed, selective targeting of JAK3 could decrease possible adverse effects and improve tolerability.
As an immunosuppressant, JAK3 inhibitors could aid in auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis or other diseases where the immune system fails to distinguish self from non-self and starts attacking self-cells.

Discovery and development

Discovery

One of the first JAKs to be targeted in drug development for medical use was JAK3. Immune system depression is observed in patients with JAK3 defects. The role of JAK3 is greatly restricted to the immune system, and therefore this enzyme was thought to be a good target for selective immunosuppressant. It is not certain that whether JAK3 is sufficient to suppress the cytokine signaling as it can also be caused by stimulation of JAK1. It is being researched whether inhibiting JAK3 is as efficient as pan-JAK inhibition. Many compounds with high affinity and possible selectivity for JAK3 have been discovered with high-throughput screening.

Development

Currently there is much focus on developing janus kinase inhibitors as drugs for immune diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, alopecia areata and psoriases.
The first JAK inhibitor approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis was Tofacitinib. It has also shown promising results in other autoimmune disorders. Initially, Tofacitinib was thought to be a selective JAK3 inhibitor but later it has been shown that it is also a potent inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2. The value of developing a selective JAK3 targeting over the other JAKs is that JAK3 expression is restricted to the immune system while the other JAKs are much more broadly expressed. Since JAK3 is not as ubiquitously expressed, selective targeting could improve tolerability, and decrease possible adverse effects and safety concerns. For example dual inhibition of JAK1 and JAK3 might increase bacterial and viral infection because of a broader immunosuppressive effect. Inhibition of JAK2 has been linked to adverse effects such as anaemia and generalised leukopenia.It has been difficult to develop sufficiently selective JAK3 inhibitors. One of the reason is the small variation in the ATP binding site of different JAKs. Another problem is that JAK3 has a higher affinity for ATP than the other JAKs which can be a reason for a poor translation from in vitro enzymatic assay studies to cellular system studies. An example of this is Decernotinib which showed 41-fold selectivity for JAK3 vs JAK1 in vitro enzyme assays while the selectivity for JAK3 was not maintained in cellular assays where it showed a slight preference for JAK1.

Structure activity relationship

JAK3 inhibitors target the catalytic ATP-binding site of JAK3 and have there been various moieties utilised to get a stronger affinity and selectivity to the ATP-binding pockets. The base that is often seen in compounds with selectivity for JAK3 are pyrrolopyrimidine as they bind to the same region of the JAKs as purine of the ATP binds. Another ring system that has been utilised in JAK3 inhibitor derivatives is 1H-pyrrolopyridine, as it mimics the pyrrolopyrimidine scaffold.
Sequence alignment have shown that the ATP binding pockets of the JAKs are almost identical and there are only few features that distinguish JAK3 from the rest. One of these differences is the presence of cysteine residue in the front region of the ATP binding pocket where the other JAKs have serine at that same position. Only 10 other kinases possess a cysteine at that location, making cysteine even more intriguing as a target for a better selectivity. The focus have been on structures that can react with cysteine and have the electrophilic warheads acrylamide been of interest, as they should ideally react only with proximal cysteine. Covalent cysteine targeting can be tricky as off target reaction can lead to adverse reaction, but as the JAKs resynthesis rapidly, covalent inhibition could be necessary to extend the pharmacodynamics.
To compare inhibitors parameter of choice is IC50, by measuring IC50 for different JAK’s it is possible to determine selectivity. In the kinase family JAK3 has the highest affinity for ATP so it is desirable to measure IC50 in high concentration of ATP to see if the inhibitor can compete with ATP for the binding site.

Medical use

Several therapeutic options exist for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, but the search is still ongoing for more safe, effective and convenient treatments. Inhibition of JAK3 has in research shown to be a good target for immunosuppression.
The only indication for a JAK3 inhibitor at the moment, rheumatoid arthritis, is for the non-selective JAK1/JAK3 inhibitor Tofacitinib. Other indications like psoriasis, alopecia areata and ulcerative colitis are in clinical trials. Cytokines have an important role in autoimmune diseases and as the common γ chain cytokines interleukin IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 signal via JAK3, the inhibition of JAK3 and blocking of the signaling of these cytokines could affect many immune diseases and lead to development of new effective immunosuppressive drugs.

List of JAK3 inhibitors

Non-selective JAK3 inhibitor