January 9 Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople , and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. 681 - Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. 1127 - Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin dynasty besiege and sack Bianjing , the capital of the Song dynasty of China, and abduct Emperor Qinzong of Song and others, ending the Northern Song dynasty . 1349 - The Jewish population of Basel , believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing Black Death , is rounded up and incinerated . 1431 - The trial of Joan of Arc begins in Rouen . 1760 - Ahmad Shah Durrani defeats the Marathas in the Battle of Barari Ghat . 1788 - Connecticut becomes the fifth state to ratify the Constitution . 1792 - Treaty of Jassy between Russian and Ottoman Empire is signed. 1793 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first person to fly in a balloon in the United States. 1799 - British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the Napoleonic Wars . 1806 - Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson receives a state funeral and is interred in St Paul's Cathedral . 1816 - Humphry Davy tests his safety lamp for miners at Hebburn Colliery . 1822 - The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portuguese King João VI , beginning the Brazilian independence process. 1839 - The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process. 1857 - The 7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake shakes Central and Southern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX. 1858 - Anson Jones , the last President of the Republic of Texas , commits suicide. 1861 - American Civil War: "Star of the West" incident occurs near Charleston, South Carolina . 1861 - Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union before the outbreak of the American Civil War . 1878 - Umberto I becomes King of Italy . 1894 - New England Telephone and Telegraph installs the first battery-operated telephone switchboard in Lexington, Massachusetts . 1903 - Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson , son of the poet Alfred Tennyson , becomes the second Governor-General of Australia . 1909 - Ernest Shackleton , leading the Nimrod Expedition to the South Pole , plants the British flag from the South Pole, the farthest anyone had ever reached at that time. 1914 - The Phi Beta Sigma fraternity is founded by African-American students at Howard University in Washington D.C., United States. 1916 - World War I: The Battle of Gallipoli concludes with an Ottoman Empire victory when the last Allied forces are evacuated from the peninsula. 1917 - World War I: The Battle of Rafa is fought near the Egyptian border with Palestine . 1918 - Battle of Bear Valley: The last battle of the American Indian Wars . 1921 - Greco-Turkish War: The First Battle of İnönü , the first battle of the war, begins near Eskişehir in Anatolia . 1923 - Juan de la Cierva makes the first autogyro flight. 1923 - Lithuanian residents of the Memel Territory rebel against the League of Nations' decision to leave the area as a mandated region under French control. 1927 - A fire at the Laurier Palace movie theatre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada , kills 78 children. 1941 - World War II: First flight of the Avro Lancaster . 1945 - World War II: The Sixth United States Army begins the invasion of Lingayen Gulf . 1957 - British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden resigns from office following his failure to retake the Suez Canal from Egyptian sovereignty. 1960 - President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser opens construction on the Aswan Dam by detonating ten tons of dynamite to demolish twenty tons of granite on the east bank of the Nile . 1961 - British authorities announce they have uncovered the Soviet Portland Spy Ring in London. 1964 - Martyrs' Day: Several Panamanian youths try to raise the Panamanian flag in the U.S.-controlled Panama Canal Zone , leading to fighting between U.S. military and Panamanian civilians. 1965 - The Mirzapur Cadet College formally opens for academic activities in East Pakistan. 1991 - Representatives from the United States and Iraq meet at the Geneva Peace Conference to try to find a peaceful resolution to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . 1992 - The Assembly of the Serb People in Bosnia and Herzegovina proclaims the creation of Republika Srpska , a new state within Yugoslavia . 1992 - The first discoveries of extrasolar planets are announced by astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail . They discovered two planets orbiting the pulsar PSR 1257+12 . 1996 - First Chechen War: Chechen separatists launch a raid against the helicopter airfield and later a civilian hospital in the city of Kizlyar in the neighboring Dagestan , which turns into a massive hostage crisis involving thousands of civilians. 2004 - An inflatable boat carrying illegal Albanian emigrants stalls near the Karaburun Peninsula en route to Brindisi, Italy ; exposure to the elements kills 28. This is the second deadliest marine disaster in Albanian history. 2005 - Mahmoud Abbas wins the election to succeed Yasser Arafat as President of the Palestinian National Authority , replacing interim president Rawhi Fattouh . 2005 - The Sudan People's Liberation Movement and the Government of Sudan sign the Comprehensive Peace Agreement to end the Second Sudanese Civil War . 2007 - Apple CEO Steve Jobs introduces the original iPhone at a Macworld keynote in San Francisco . 2011 - Iran Air Flight 277 crashes near Urmia in the northwest of the country, killing 77 people. 2014 - An explosion at a Mitsubishi Materials chemical plant in Yokkaichi , Japan, kills at least five people and injures 17 others. 2015 - The perpetrators of the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris two days earlier are both killed after a hostage situation; a second hostage situation , related to the Charlie Hebdo shooting, occurs at a Jewish market in Vincennes . 2015 - A mass poisoning at a funeral in Mozambique involving beer that was contaminated with Burkholderia gladioli leaves 75 dead and over 230 people ill.Births 727 - Emperor Daizong of Tang 1418 - Juan Ramón Folch III de Cardona , Aragonese admiral 1554 - Pope Gregory XV 1571 - Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy , French commander 1590 - Simon Vouet , French painter 1606 - William Dugard , English printer 1624 - Empress Meishō of Japan 1645 - Sir William Villiers, 3rd Baronet , English noble and politician 1674 - Reinhard Keiser , German composer 1685 - Tiberius Hemsterhuis , Dutch philologist and critic 1728 - Thomas Warton , English poet, historian, and critic 1735 - John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent , English admiral and politician 1745 - Caleb Strong , American lawyer and politician, 6th Governor of Massachusetts 1753 - Luísa Todi , Portuguese soprano and actress 1773 - Cassandra Austen , English painter and illustrator 1778 - Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi , Turkish Ney player and composer 1811 - Gilbert Abbott à Beckett , English journalist and author 1818 - Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon , French sculptor and photographer 1819 - James Francis , English-Australian businessman and politician, 9th Premier of Victoria 1822 - Carol Benesch , Czech-Romanian architect, designed the Peleș Castle 1823 - Friedrich von Esmarch , German surgeon and academic 1829 - Thomas William Robertson , English director and playwright 1829 - Adolf Schlagintweit , German botanist and explorer 1832 - Félix-Gabriel Marchand , Canadian journalist and politician, 11th Premier of Quebec 1839 - John Knowles Paine , American composer and academic 1848 - Princess Frederica of Hanover 1849 - John Hartley , English tennis player 1854 - Lady Randolph Churchill , American-born wife of Lord Randolph Churchill , mother of Sir Winston Churchill 1856 - Anton Aškerc , Slovenian priest and poet 1859 - Carrie Chapman Catt , American activist, founded the League of Women Voters and International Alliance of Women 1864 - Vladimir Steklov , Russian mathematician and physicist 1868 - S. P. L. Sørensen, Danish chemist and academic 1870 - Joseph Strauss , American engineer, co-designed the Golden Gate Bridge 1873 - Hayim Nahman Bialik , Ukrainian-Austrian journalist, author, and poet 1873 - Thomas Curtis , American sprinter and hurdler 1873 - John Flanagan , Irish-American hammer thrower 1875 - Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney , American sculptor and art collector, founded the Whitney Museum of American Art 1879 - John B. Watson, American psychologist and academic 1881 - Lascelles Abercrombie , English poet and critic 1881 - Giovanni Papini , Italian journalist, author, and poet 1885 - Charles Bacon , American runner and hurdler 1886 - Lloyd Loar , American sound engineer and instrument designer 1889 - Vrindavan Lal Verma , Indian author and playwright 1890 - Karel Čapek , Czech author and playwright 1890 - Kurt Tucholsky , German-Swedish journalist and author 1891 - August Gailit , Estonian journalist and author 1892 - Eva Bowring , American lawyer and politician 1893 - Edwin Baker , Canadian soldier and educator, co-founded the Canadian National Institute for the Blind 1896 - Warwick Braithwaite , New Zealand-English conductor and director 1897 - Karl Löwith , German philosopher, author, and academic 1898 - Gracie Fields , English actress and singer 1899 - Harald Tammer , Estonian journalist and weightlifter 1900 - Richard Halliburton , American journalist and author 1901 - Vilma Bánky , Hungarian-American actress 1901 - Chic Young , American cartoonist 1902 - Rudolf Bing , American impresario and businessman 1902 - Josemaría Escrivá , Spanish priest and saint, founded Opus Dei 1907 - Eldred G. Smith, American patriarch 1907 - Earl W. Renfroe, African American orthodontist, educator, and activist 1908 - Simone de Beauvoir , French philosopher and author 1909 - Anthony Mamo , Maltese lawyer and politician, 1st President of Malta 1909 - Patrick Peyton , Irish-American priest, television personality, and activist 1910 - Tom Evenson , English runner 1912 - Ralph Tubbs , English architect, designed the Dome of Discovery 1913 - Richard Nixon , American commander, lawyer, and politician, 37th President of the United States 1914 - Kenny Clarke , American jazz drummer and bandleader 1915 - Anita Louise , American actress 1916 - Fernando Lamas , Argentinian-American actor, singer, and director 1916 - Vic Mizzy , American soldier, pianist, and composer 1918 - Alma Ziegler , American baseball player and golfer 1919 - William Morris Meredith, Jr ., American poet and academic 1920 - Clive Dunn , English actor 1920 - Hakim Said , Pakistani scholar and politician, 20th Governor of Sindh 1921 - Ágnes Keleti , Hungarian Olympic gymnast 1922 - Har Gobind Khorana , Indian-American biochemist and academic, Nobel laureate 1922 - Ahmed Sékou Touré , Guinean politician, 1st President of Guinea 1924 - Sergei Parajanov , Georgian-Armenian director and screenwriter 1925 - Len Quested , English footballer defender and manager 1925 - Lee Van Cleef , American actor 1926 - Jean-Pierre Côté , Canadian lawyer and politician, 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Quebec 1928 - Judith Krantz , American novelist 1928 - Domenico Modugno , Italian singer-songwriter, actor, and politician 1929 - Brian Friel , Irish author, playwright, and director 1929 - Heiner Müller , German poet, playwright, and director 1931 - Algis Budrys , Lithuanian-American author and critic 1933 - Robert García , American soldier and politician 1933 - Roy Dwight , English footballer, outside forward 1933 - Wilbur Smith , Zambian-English journalist and author 1934 - Bart Starr , American football player and coach 1935 - Bob Denver , American actor 1935 - Dick Enberg , American sportscaster 1935 - John Graham , New Zealand rugby player and educator 1935 - Brian Harradine , Australian politician 1936 - Anne Rivers Siddons , American author 1936 - Marko Veselica , Croatian academic and politician 1938 - Claudette Boyer , Canadian educator and politician 1939 - Susannah York , English actress and activist 1940 - Barbara Buczek , Polish composer 1940 - Ruth Dreifuss , Swiss journalist and politician, 86th President of the Swiss Confederation 1941 - Joan Baez , American singer-songwriter, guitarist and activist 1941 - Gilles Vaillancourt , Canadian politician 1942 - John Dunning , American author 1942 - Judy Malloy , American poet and author 1943 - Robert Drewe , Australian author and playwright 1943 - Elmer MacFadyen , Canadian lawyer and politician 1943 - Scott Walker , American singer-songwriter, bass player, and producer 1944 - Harun Farocki , German filmmaker 1944 - Jimmy Page , English guitarist, songwriter, and producer 1944 - Mihalis Violaris , Cypriot singer-songwriter and actor 1945 - Levon Ter-Petrosyan , Syrian-Armenian scholar and politician, 1st President of Armenia 1946 - Mohammad Ishaq Khan , Indian historian and academic 1946 - Mogens Lykketoft , Danish politician, 45th Danish Minister of Foreign Affairs 1947 - Ronnie Landfield , American painter and educator 1948 - Bill Cowsill , American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1948 - Jan Tomaszewski , Polish footballer, manager, and politician 1950 - Alec Jeffreys , English geneticist and academic 1950 - David Johansen , American musician and actor 1950 - Sandy Martin , American actress 1951 - Crystal Gayle , American singer-songwriter and producer 1952 - Kaushik Basu , Indian economist and academic 1952 - Hugh Bayley , English politician 1952 - Mike Capuano , American lawyer and politician 1953 - Javad Alizadeh , Iranian cartoonist and painter 1954 - Philippa Gregory , Kenyan-English author and academic 1955 - Michiko Kakutani , American journalist and critic 1955 - J.K. Simmons, American actor 1956 - Waltraud Meier , German soprano and actress 1956 - Imelda Staunton , English actress and singer 1958 - Stephen Neale , English philosopher and academic 1959 - Mark Martin , American race car driver and coach 1959 - Rigoberta Menchú , Guatemalan activist and politician, Nobel Prize laureate 1959 - Otis Nixon , American baseball player 1960 - Lisa Walters , Canadian golfer 1961 - Didier Camberabero , French rugby player 1961 - Henry Omaga-Diaz , Filipino journalist 1962 - Ray Houghton , Scottish-born footballer 1963 - Irwin McLean , Northern Irish biologist and academic 1964 - Stan Javier , Dominican baseball player and manager 1965 - Iain Dowie , English-Northern Irish footballer and coach 1965 - Eric Erlandson , American guitarist, songwriter, and producer 1965 - Haddaway , Trinidadian-German singer and musician 1965 - Andrei Nazarov , Estonian decathlete and coach 1965 - Joely Richardson , English actress 1966 - Stephen Metcalfe , English politician 1967 - Matt Bevin , American politician, 62nd governor of Kentucky 1967 - Claudio Caniggia , Argentinian footballer 1967 - Dave Matthews , South African-American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor 1967 - Gary Teichmann , South African rugby player 1968 - Jimmy Adams , Jamaican cricketer and coach 1968 - Joey Lauren Adams , American actress 1968 - Mardi Lunn , Australian golfer 1968 - Giorgos Theofanous , Greek-Cypriot composer and producer 1970 - Lara Fabian , Belgian-Italian singer-songwriter and actress 1971 - Angie Martinez , American rapper, actress, and radio host 1971 - Hal Niedzviecki , Canadian author and critic 1971 - Scott Thornton , Canadian ice hockey player 1972 - Jay Powell , American baseball player 1972 - Rawson Stovall , American video game producer and author 1973 - Sean Paul , Jamaican rapper, singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, and actor 1975 - James Beckford , Jamaican long jumper 1976 - Radek Bonk , Czech ice hockey player 1978 - Mathieu Garon , Canadian ice hockey player 1978 - Gennaro Gattuso , Italian footballer and manager 1978 - Chad Johnson , American football player and actor 1978 - AJ McLean , American singer 1980 - Édgar Álvarez , Honduran footballer 1980 - Sergio García , Spanish golfer 1980 - Francisco Pavón , Spanish footballer 1981 - Euzebiusz Smolarek , Polish footballer and manager 1982 - Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge 1984 - Drew Brown , American musician and songwriter 1984 - Benjamin Danso , German rugby player 1985 - Juan Francisco Torres , Spanish footballer 1986 - Jéferson Gomes , Brazilian footballer 1986 - Amanda Mynhardt , South African netball player 1987 - Lucas Leiva , Brazilian footballer 1987 - Paolo Nutini , Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist 1987 - Jami Puustinen , Finnish footballer 1988 - Katherine Copely , American ice dancer 1988 - Marc Crosas , Spanish footballer 1988 - Lee Yeon-hee , South Korean actress 1989 - Michael Beasley , American basketball player 1989 - Nina Dobrev , Bulgarian-Canadian actress 1989 - Michaëlla Krajicek , Dutch tennis player 1989 - Yana Maksimava , Belarusian heptathlete 1989 - Chris Sandow , Australian rugby league player 1990 - Justin Blackmon , American football player 1991 - Edon Hasani , Albanian football player 1991 - Álvaro Soler , Spanish singer-songwriter 1993 - Katarina Johnson-Thompson , English long jumper and heptathlete 1999 - Shannon Tavarez , American actressDeaths 710 - Adrian of Canterbury , abbot and scholar 1150 - Emperor Xizong of Jin 1202 - Birger Brosa , Jarl of Sweden 1282 - Abû 'Uthmân Sa'îd ibn Hakam al Qurashi , Minorcan ruler 1283 - Wen Tianxiang , Chinese general and scholar 1367 - Giulia della Rena , Italian saint 1450 - Adam Moleyns , Bishop of Chichester 1463 - William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent , English soldier 1499 - John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg 1511 - Demetrios Chalkokondyles , Greek scholar and academic 1514 - Anne of Brittany , queen of Charles VIII of France and Louis XII of France 1529 - Wang Yangming , Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar 1534 - Johannes Aventinus , Bavarian historian and philologist 1543 - Guillaume du Bellay , French general and diplomat 1561 - Amago Haruhisa , Japanese warlord 1571 - Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon , French admiral 1598 - Jasper Heywood , English poet and scholar 1612 - Leonard Holliday , Lord Mayor of London 1622 - Alix Le Clerc , French Canoness Regular and foundress 1757 - Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle , French author, poet, and playwright 1762 - Antonio de Benavides , colonial governor of Florida 1766 - Thomas Birch , English historian and author 1799 - Maria Gaetana Agnesi , Italian mathematician and philosopher 1800 - Jean Étienne Championnet , French general 1805 - Noble Wimberly Jones , American physician and politician 1843 - William Hedley , English engineer 1848 - Caroline Herschel , German-English astronomer 1856 - Neophytos Vamvas , Greek cleric and educator 1858 - Anson Jones, American physician and politician; 4th President of the Republic of Texas 1873 - Napoleon III , French politician, 1st President of France 1876 - Samuel Gridley Howe , American physician and activist 1878 - Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 1895 - Aaron Lufkin Dennison , American-English businessman 1901 - Richard Copley Christie , English lawyer and academic 1908 - Wilhelm Busch , German poet, illustrator, and painter 1908 - Abraham Goldfaden , Russian actor, playwright, and author 1911 - Edwin Arthur Jones , American violinist and composer 1911 - Edvard Rusjan , Italian-Slovene pilot and engineer 1917 - Luther D. Bradley, American cartoonist 1918 - Charles-Émile Reynaud , French scientist and educator, invented the Praxinoscope 1923 - Katherine Mansfield , New Zealand novelist, short story writer , and essayist 1924 - Ponnambalam Arunachalam , Sri Lankan civil servant and politician 1927 - Houston Stewart Chamberlain , English-German philosopher and author 1930 - Edward Bok , Dutch-American journalist and author 1931 - Wayne Munn , American football player and wrestler 1936 - John Gilbert , American actor, director, and screenwriter 1939 - Johann Strauss III , Austrian violinist, composer, and conductor 1941 - Dimitrios Golemis , Greek runner 1945 - Shigekazu Shimazaki , Japanese admiral and pilot 1945 - Jüri Uluots , Estonian journalist and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Estonia 1945 - Osman Cemal Kaygılı , Turkish journalist, author, and playwright 1946 - Countee Cullen , American poet and playwright 1947 - Karl Mannheim , Hungarian-English sociologist and academic 1960 - Elsie J. Oxenham, English author and educator 1961 - Emily Greene Balch , American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate 1964 - Halide Edib Adıvar , Turkish author and academic 1971 - Elmer Flick , American baseball player and scout 1972 - Ted Shawn , American dancer and choreographer 1975 - Pierre Fresnay , French actor and screenwriter 1975 - Pyotr Novikov , Russian mathematician and theorist 1979 - Pier Luigi Nervi , Italian engineer and architect, designed the Tour de la Bourse and Pirelli Tower 1981 - Kazimierz Serocki , Polish pianist and composer 1984 - Bob Dyer , American-Australian radio and television host 1985 - Robert Mayer , German-English businessman and philanthropist 1987 - Arthur Lake , American actor 1988 - Peter L. Rypdal, Norwegian fiddler and composer 1989 - Bill Terry , American baseball player and manager 1990 - Spud Chandler , American baseball player, coach, and manager 1990 - Cemal Süreya , Turkish poet and journalist 1992 - Steve Brodie , American actor 1992 - Bill Naughton , English playwright and screenwriter 1993 - Paul Hasluck , Australian historian and politician, 17th Governor-General of Australia 1994 - Johnny Temple , American baseball player and sportscaster 1995 - Souphanouvong , Laotian politician, 1st President of Laos 1995 - Peter Cook , English actor and screenwriter 1996 - Walter M. Miller, Jr., American soldier and author 1996 - Abdullah al-Qasemi , Saudi atheist, writer, and intellectual 1997 - Edward Osóbka-Morawski , Polish politician, Prime Minister of Poland 1997 - Jesse White , American actor 1998 - Kenichi Fukui , Japanese chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate 1998 - Imi Lichtenfeld , Slovakian-Israeli martial artist, founded Krav Maga 2000 - Arnold Alexander Hall , English engineer and academic 2000 - Nigel Tranter , Scottish historian and author 2001 - Maurice Prather , American photographer and director 2003 - Will McDonough , American journalist 2004 - Norberto Bobbio , Italian philosopher and academic 2006 - Andy Caldecott , Australian motorcycle racer 2006 - W. Cleon Skousen, American author and academic 2007 - Elmer Symons , South African motorcycle racer 2007 - Jean-Pierre Vernant , French anthropologist and historian 2008 - Johnny Grant , American radio host and producer 2008 - John Harvey-Jones , English businessman and television host 2009 - Rob Gauntlett , English mountaineer and explorer 2009 - T. Llew Jones, Welsh author and poet 2011 - Makinti Napanangka , Australian painter 2012 - Brian Curvis , Welsh boxer 2012 - Augusto Gansser-Biaggi , Swiss geologist and academic 2012 - William G. Roll, German-American psychologist and parapsychologist 2012 - Malam Bacai Sanhá , Guinea-Bissau politician, President of Guinea-Bissau 2012 - László Szekeres , Hungarian physician and academic 2013 - Brigitte Askonas , Austrian-English immunologist and academic 2013 - James M. Buchanan, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate 2013 - Robert L. Rock, American businessman and politician, 42nd Lieutenant Governor of Indiana 2013 - John Wise , Canadian farmer and politician, 23rd Canadian Minister of Agriculture 2014 - Amiri Baraka , American poet, playwright, and academic 2014 - Josep Maria Castellet , Spanish poet and critic 2014 - Paul du Toit , South African painter and sculptor 2014 - Dale T. Mortensen, American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate 2015 - Michel Jeury , French author 2015 - Robert V. Keeley, Lebanese-American soldier and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Greece 2015 - Józef Oleksy , Polish economist and politician, 7th Prime Minister of Poland 2015 - Bud Paxson , American broadcaster and businessman, founded the Home Shopping Network and Pax TV 2015 - Abdul Rahman Ya'kub , Malaysian politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Sarawak 2015 - Roy Tarpley , American basketball player 2016 - John Harvard , Canadian journalist and politician, 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba 2016 - Angus Scrimm , American actor and author 2017 - Zygmunt Bauman , Polish sociologist 2018 - Kato Ottio , Papua New Guinean rugby league player 2019 - Verna Bloom , American actress 2019 - Paul Koslo , German-Canadian actorHolidays and observances Christian feast day: * Adrian of Canterbury * Berhtwald *Translation of the Black Nazarene * Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow * Julia Chester Emery *Stephen * January 9 Start of Hōonkō January 9–16 Martyrs' Day Non-Resident Indian Day
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