The number of "characterizable" processing units is indicated in the hardware model designation. Depending on the capacity model, a PU can be characterized as a Central Processor, Integrated Facility for Linux processor, z Application Assist Processor, z10 Integrated Information Processor, or Internal Coupling Facility processor. It is also possible to configure additional System Assist Processors, but most customers find the mandatory minimum SAP allocation sufficient. There are more physical PUs in a machine than characterizable PUs. For example, the E12 has 17 PUs, of which only 12 are characterizable. The remainder is a mixture of spares and mandatory minimum SAPs. The SAPs provide I/O assistance, system accounting, and other critical system functions.
Operating systems
The System z10 supports the following IBM operating systems: z/OS, z/VSE, z/VM, and z/TPF. Other operating systems available include Linux on System z, OpenSolaris for System z, UTS, and MUSIC/SP. A product in development by Mantissa Corporation, z/VOS, was announced in 2008 to run other operating systems developed for x86 architectures, later renamed to z86VM and the Linux support is in beta, and "has no plans to support 64 bit", but as of 2019, it has a bug for Windows so not even a beta version for it is available.
New features
In addition to much higher performance, System z10 introduced a number of new mainframe features. Some of the more notable enhancements include:
Cryptography
The System z10 adds hardware-based 192-bit and 256-bit Advanced Encryption Standard in addition to the 128-bit AES support already available on the z9.
The System z9 was the first commercial server to add IEEE 754decimal floating point instructions, although these instructions were implemented in microcode with some hardware assists. The System z10 implements the main IEEE 754 decimal floating point operations in a built-in, integral component of each processor core and instruction set architecture. As examples, Enterprise PL/I, XL C, and the z/OS Java BigDecimal class can exploit hardware decimal floating point.
New instructions
The System z10 processor adds numerous new instructions, primarily concentrated on improving the efficiency and performance of compiled code. The z/OS Java SDK exploits these additional instructions when running on a z10. On July 7, 2009, IBM disclosed z/VM Version 6.1, a new version which requires the additional instructions only available in the System z10 and future models.
On the System z10, and with the appropriate version of z/VM, a single logical partition can now span all processor types. Previously, IFLs had to reside in their own separate LPAR. This capability improves operational efficiency and simplifies configuration. The z10 also supports much faster z/VM startup from DVD-RAM. Consequently, IBM started providing a no-charge, downloadable z/VM Evaluation Edition.
System z10 has a simplified, more automated architecture for activation and deactivation of Capacity on Demand processing. In particular, the machine no longer requires immediate, direct contact with IBM for activation of CoD features. IBM also introduced a new Capacity for Planned Events offering, which allows mainframe owners to activate CPU capacity temporarily to facilitate moving machines between data centers, upgrades, and other routine management tasks at a much lower cost.
System z10 provides InfiniBand coupling options for Parallel Sysplex. Some of these options are available for retrofit to the System z9.
HiperDispatch
As the number of cores in the System z machines has grown, IBM engineers have continued to find ways to reduce symmetric multiprocessing effects. Adding more cores has diminishing returns in performance due to cache, memory, and I/O contention. The latest effort to reduce these penalties is HiperDispatch, a set of intelligent, cooperative dispatching strategies between the System z10 hardware and z/OS, particularly the z/OS Workload Manager and dispatcher. HiperDispatch steers more processing tasks toward the cores that are "closest" to the cached data the tasks will likely require, minimizing contention for memory and I/O. HiperDispatch helps maintain near-linear SMP scalability and is more relevant to the larger models, but it is enabled by default on all System z10 machines.
Models
Enterprise Class
Released on February 26, 2008, the System z10 Enterprise Class is available in five hardware models: E12, E26, E40, E56, and E64. Each is of the machine type 2097. The Enterprise Class PU cores operate at speeds of 4.4 GHz. The processors are stored in one to four compartments referred to as "books". Each book comprises a multi-chip module of processing units and memory cards. The number of PUs in each book is based upon the model number: NOTES:
A minimum of one CP, IFL, or ICF must ordered with every model.
For each CP ordered, one zAAP and one zIIP may also be ordered.
Optional SAPs are required only in some situations when using TPF/ESA or z/TPF.
Memory figures refer to user-accessible memory. The z10 EC reserves 16GB for HSA.
Sub-capacity CP configurations are also available.
Business Class
Released on October 21, 2008, the z10 Business Class has only a single model: E10. Machine type is 2098. It has the same processor chip design and instruction set as the z10 EC but with higher manufacturing yields and lower cost processor packaging due to reduced cooling and reduced multi-chip shared cache needs. The z10 BC also introduced new, more efficient I/O packaging options. It is possible to configure a z10 BC without spare cores if desired, although such maximally configured z10s still fail gracefully in the unlikely event there's a core failure: the system will move any work from the failed core to surviving cores automatically, without operating system or software involvement, keeping all applications running, albeit at slightly reduced capacity if there are no spares remaining. The following configuration is available: NOTES:
For each CP ordered, one zAAP and one zIIP may also be ordered.
Memory figures refer to user-accessible memory. The z10 BC reserves 8GB for HSA.
Sub-capacity CP configurations are also available.
Pricing
While the baseline model of the z10 EC has a reported price starting at $1,000,000 for a new system, the z10 BC has a reported price starting "under $100,000". Actual prices depend on a number of factors including the configuration of the machine, maintenance contracts, government and educational discounts, and finance and leasing terms. IBM can also upgrade machines up to two generations old using new parts, retaining the machine's serial number and numerous frame components.
