The first hospitals go back to the 13th-century mining towns of Hungary. The first mining health insurance was founded by János Thurzó in 1496. The first modern insurer was established in 1907, named Országos Munkásbetegsegélyező és Balesetbiztosító Pénztár. The first steps to overall health insurance took place in the Horthy era with the creation of Országos Társadalombiztosítási Intézet in 1928. Social services were complete to 1938, at that time the Hungarian social health insurance system was the most progressive and charitable in East-Central Europe. After the World War II the Communist government fully nationalizedsocial insurance. Since then the Hungarian healthcare system has been state-owned, overall and available for all of the people.
The free-market shift initiated after the end of communist rule years ago put a strain on the largely centralised, wholly tax-funded public health system, which required far-reaching reforms. These resulted in the creation of the National Healthcare Fund, in 1993. The OEP, predominantly based on a social insurance system, is the public organization currently controlling the management of health care in Hungary. 83% of the financing for health care comes from taxes and other public revenues. Participation in the insurance scheme is mandatory for everyone in the workforce, including the self-employed. Most private hospitals also operate under the OEP framework. Because of past hiring policies, Hungarian hospitals often have redundancies of doctors, and a lack of nurses, resulting in an unproductive misuse of human resources. So-called "gratitude payments", another communist legacy, require in practice a cash payment to have access to better treatments. According to the survey conducted by the Euro health consumer index in 2015 Hungary was among the European countries in which unofficial payments to doctors were reported most commonly. Medical treatment deemed "medically necessary" is provided free of charge for European citizens in the country.
Infrastructure
As a high-income nation, Hungary has a relatively developed health infrastructure. Ambulances of the Országos Mentőszolgálat reach all over the country within 15 minutes at the very latest. In 2013 OMSZ built 20 new ambulance stations and renewed 60 others with the purchase of 200 new ambulances. Air ambulance service was completed in 2009 with the grand opening of Szentes air ambulance station. Air ambulance bases cover the whole country. Helicopters can reach 85% of the country's territory within 15 minutes at the very latest. All national and county hospitals have heliports, including the specialized and most professional university clinics and emergency centres in Budapest, Pécs, Szeged and Debrecen.
Medical tourism
Hungary is one of the main destinations of medical tourism in Europe. The country leads in dental tourism, its share is 42% in Europe and 21% worldwide. The first medical tourists were Germans and Austrians in the 1980s, looking for cheap and top-quality dentistry services. Since the fall of Communism medical tourism is an emerging business, 60,000-70,000 people visit Hungary for dental treatments every year, earning 65–70 billion HUF for the dental sector alone. The cost of medical treatments is between 40% and 70% of the cost in the United Kingdom, United States and Scandinavian countries. The most popular medical treatments are dentistry, cosmetic surgery, orthopaedic surgery, cardiac rehabilitation, fertility treatment, dermatology, anti-aging treatment, obesity treatment, addiction programmes and eye surgery. Plastic surgery is also a key sector. 30% of the clients come from abroad. They can save 40-80% on medical expenses. Hungary is home to several medicinal spas, spa tourism sometimes combined with other treatments.
