Focale
The focale, also known as a sudarium, was a woolen or linen scarf worn by ancient Roman military personnel. It protected the neck from chafing by the armor. The focale is depicted widely in military scenes from Roman art, such as the relief sculpture on the Arch of Septimius Severus in the Roman Forum and Trajan's Column. It is shown loosely knotted in the front, but is sometimes visible with the ends tucked inside the cuirass.
In Latin literature, focale is a general word for a scarf or wrapping for the throat. A focale was one of the gifts that might be given for the December festival of Saturnalia, according to Martial. In one of his satires, Horace lists focalia among the "badges of illness" '. In describing the correct attire for public speaking, Quintilian advises against wearing a focale, unless required by poor health.
Although a sudarium often is used as a handkerchief, it can be worn like the focale as a neckerchief. When Suetonius describes the overly casual attire of Nero, the emperor is barefoot, unbelted, and dressed in evening wear ', with a sudarium around his neck. In late antiquity, orarium might be synonymous with focale, as in the description of military attire in the Vision of Dorotheus, and in a papyrus listing military clothes.
The focale is sometimes seen as one of the precursors of the necktie. Cesare Vecellio mentions the focale, calling it a cravata, as worn by Roman soldiers in his book on the history of fashion. It has been compared to the amice worn by Roman Catholic priests, which is depicted from the 6th century onward, as in the Ravenna mosaics.
