Equatorial coordinate system


The equatorial coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system widely used to specify the positions of celestial objects. It may be implemented in spherical or rectangular coordinates, both defined by an origin at the centre of Earth, a fundamental plane consisting of the projection of Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere, a primary direction towards the vernal equinox, and a right-handed convention.
The origin at the centre of Earth means the coordinates are geocentric, that is, as seen from the centre of Earth as if it were transparent. The fundamental plane and the primary direction mean that the coordinate system, while aligned with Earth's equator and pole, does not rotate with the Earth, but remains relatively fixed against the background stars. A right-handed convention means that coordinates increase northward from and eastward around the fundamental plane.

Primary direction

This description of the orientation of the reference frame is somewhat simplified; the orientation is not quite fixed. A slow motion of Earth's axis, precession, causes a slow, continuous turning of the coordinate system westward about the poles of the ecliptic, completing one circuit in about 26,000 years. Superimposed on this is a smaller motion of the ecliptic, and a small oscillation of the Earth's axis, nutation.
In order to fix the exact primary direction, these motions necessitate the specification of the equinox of a particular date, known as an epoch, when giving a position. The three most commonly used are:
; Mean equinox of a standard epoch : is a fixed standard direction, allowing positions established at various dates to be compared directly.
; Mean equinox of date: is the intersection of the ecliptic of "date" with the mean equator. Commonly used in planetary orbit calculation.
; True equinox of date: is the intersection of the ecliptic of "date" with the true equator. This is the actual intersection of the two planes at any particular moment, with all motions accounted for.
A position in the equatorial coordinate system is thus typically specified true equinox and equator of date, mean equinox and equator of J2000.0, or similar. Note that there is no "mean ecliptic", as the ecliptic is not subject to small periodic oscillations.

Spherical coordinates

Use in astronomy

A star's spherical coordinates are often expressed as a pair, right ascension and declination, without a distance coordinate. The direction of sufficiently distant objects is the same for all observers, and it is convenient to specify this direction with the same coordinates for all. In contrast, in the horizontal coordinate system, a star's position differs from observer to observer based on their positions on the Earth's surface, and is continuously changing with the Earth's rotation.
Telescopes equipped with equatorial mounts and setting circles employ the equatorial coordinate system to find objects. Setting circles in conjunction with a star chart or ephemeris allow the telescope to be easily pointed at known objects on the celestial sphere.

Declination

The declination symbol, measures the angular distance of an object perpendicular to the celestial equator, positive to the north, negative to the south. For example, the north celestial pole has a declination of +90°. The origin for declination is the celestial equator, which is the projection of the Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere. Declination is analogous to terrestrial latitude.

Right ascension

The right ascension symbol, measures the angular distance of an object eastward along the celestial equator from the vernal equinox to the hour circle passing through the object. The vernal equinox point is one of the two where the ecliptic intersects the celestial equator. Analogous to terrestrial longitude, right ascension is usually measured in sidereal hours, minutes and seconds instead of degrees, a result of the method of measuring right ascensions by timing the passage of objects across the meridian as the Earth rotates. There are = 15° in one hour of right ascension, and 24h of right ascension around the entire celestial equator.
When used together, right ascension and declination are usually abbreviated RA/Dec.

Hour angle

Alternatively to right ascension, hour angle, a left-handed system, measures the angular distance of an object westward along the celestial equator from the observer's meridian to the hour circle passing through the object. Unlike right ascension, hour angle is always increasing with the rotation of Earth. Hour angle may be considered a means of measuring the time since upper culmination, the moment when an object contacts the meridian overhead.
A culminating star on the observer's meridian is said to have a zero hour angle. One sidereal hour later, Earth's rotation will carry the star to the west of the meridian, and its hour angle will be 1h. When calculating topocentric phenomena, right ascension may be converted into hour angle as an intermediate step.

Rectangular coordinates

Geocentric equatorial coordinates

There are a number of rectangular variants of equatorial coordinates. All have:
The reference frames do not rotate with the Earth, remaining always directed toward the equinox, and drifting over time with the motions of precession and nutation.
In astronomy, there is also a heliocentric rectangular variant of equatorial coordinates, designated,,, which has:
This frame is in every way equivalent to the,, frame, above, except that the origin is removed to the centre of the Sun. It is commonly used in planetary orbit calculation. The three astronomical rectangular coordinate systems are related by