EXO measures the rate of neutrinoless decay events above the expected background of similar signals, to find or limit the doublebeta decay half-life, which relates to the effective neutrino mass using nuclear matrix elements. A limit on effective neutrino mass below 0.01 eV would determine the neutrino mass order. The effective neutrino mass is dependent on the lightest neutrino mass in such a way that that bound indicates the normal mass hierarchy. The expected rate of 0νββ events is very low, so background radiation is a significant problem. WIPP has of rock overburden—equivalent to of water—to screen incoming cosmic rays. Lead shielding and a cryostat also protect the setup. The neutrinoless decays would appear as narrow spike in the energy spectrum around the xenon Q-value, which is fairly high and above most gamma decays.
EXO-200
History
EXO-200 was designed with a goal of less than 40 events per year within two standard deviations of expected decay energy. This background was achieved by selecting and screening all materials for radiopurity. Originally the vessel was to be made of Teflon, but the final design of the vessel uses thin, ultra-pure copper. EXO-200 was relocated from Stanford to WIPP in the summer of 2007. Assembly and commissioning continued until the end of 2009 with data taking beginning in May 2011. Calibration was done using 228Th, 137Cs, and 60Co gamma sources.
Design
The prototype EXO-200 uses a copper cylindrical time projection chamber filled with of pure liquid xenon. Xenon is a scintillator, so decay particles produce prompt light which is detected by avalanche photodiodes, providing the event time. A large electric field drives ionization electrons to wires for collection. The time between the light and first collection determines the z coordinate of the event, while a grid of wires determines the radial and angular coordinates.
Results
The background from earth radioactivity and 137Xe contamination led to ≈2×10−3 counts/ in the detector. Energy resolution near Qββ of 1.53% was achieved. In August 2011, EXO-200 was the first experiment to observe double beta decay of 136Xe, with a half life of 2.11×1021 years. This is the slowest directly observed process. An improved half life of 2.165 ±0.016 ±0.059 × 1021 years was published in 2014. EXO set a limit on neutrinoless beta decay of 1.6×1025 years in 2012. A revised analysis of run 2 data with 100 kg·yr exposure, reported in the June issue of Nature reduced the limits on half-life to 1.1×1025 yr, and mass to 450 meV. This was used to confirm the power of the design and validate the proposed expansion. Additional running for two years is expected. As of 2018, the EXO-200 has performed two scientific operations, Phase I and after upgrades, Phase II. No evidence of neutrinoless double beta decay has been found in the combined Phase I and II data, giving the lower bound of years for the half-life. Phase II will be the final operation of EXO-200.
nEXO
A ton-scale experiment, nEXO, must overcome many backgrounds. The EXO collaboration is exploring many possibilities to do so, including barium tagging in liquid xenon. Any double beta decay event will leave behind a daughter barium ion, while backgrounds, such as radioactive impurities or neutrons, will not. Requiring a barium ion at the location of an event eliminates all backgrounds. Tagging of a single ion of barium has been demonstrated and progress has been made on a method for extracting ions out of the liquid xenon. A freezing probe method has been demonstrated, and gaseous tagging is also being developed. The 2014 EXO-200 paper indicated a 5000 kg TPC can improve the background by xenon self-shielding and better electronics. Diameter would be increased to 130 cm and a water tank would be added as shielding and muon veto. This is much larger than the attenuation length for gamma rays. Radiopure copper for nEXO has been completed. It is planned for installation in the SNOLAB "Cryopit". An Oct. 2017 paper details the experiment and discusses the sensitivity and the discovery potential of nEXO for neutrinoless double beta decay. Details on the ionization readout of the TPC have also been published. The pre-Conceptual Design Report for nEXO was published in 2018. The planned location is SNOLAB, Canada.
