At the physical layer, DSI specifies a high-speed differential signalingpoint-to-point serial bus. This bus includes one high speed clock lane and one or more data lanes. Each lane is carried on two wires. All lanes travel from the DSI host to the DSI device, except for the first data lane, which is capable of a bus turnaround operation that allows it to reverse transmission direction. When more than one lane is used, they are used in parallel to transmit data, with each sequential bit in the stream traveling on the next lane. That is, if 4 lanes are being used, 4 bits are transmitted simultaneously, one on each lane. The link operates in either low power mode or high speed mode. In low power mode, the high speed clock is disabled and signal clocking information is embedded in the data. In this mode, the data rate is insufficient to drive a display, but is usable for sending configuration information and commands. High speed mode enables the high speed clock that acts as the bit clock for the data lanes. Clock speeds vary by the requirements of the display. High speed mode is still designed to reduce power usage due to its low voltage signaling and parallel transfer ability. The communication protocol describes two sets of instructions. The Display Command Set is a set of common commands for controlling the display device, and their format is specified by the DSI standard. It defines registers that can be addressed and what their operation is. It includes basic commands such as sleep, enable, and invert display. The Manufacturer Command Set is a device-specific command space whose definition is up to the device manufacturer. It often includes commands required to program non-volatile memory, set specific device registers, or perform other actions not described in the DSI standard. The packet format of both sets is specified by the DSI standard. There are Short and Long Packets, Short Packet is 4 bytes long; Long Packet can be of any length up to 216 bytes. Packets are composed of a DataID, Word count, Error Correction Code, Payload and Checksum. Commands that require reading data back from the device trigger a BTA event, which allows the device to reply with the requested data. A device cannot initiate a transfer; it can only reply to host requests. Image data on the bus is interleaved with signals for horizontal and vertical blanking intervals. The data is drawn to the display in real time and not stored by the device. This allows the manufacture of simpler display devices without frame buffer memory. However, it also means that the device must be continuously refreshed or it will lose the image. Image data is only sent in HS mode. When in HS mode, commands are transmitted during the vertical blanking interval.
