Anti-Corruption legislation includes Turkey's Criminal Code which criminalizes various forms of corrupt activity, including active and passive bribery, attempted corruption, extortion, bribing a foreign official, money laundering and abuse of office. Nevertheless, anti-corruption laws are poorly enforced, and anti-corruption authorities are deemed ineffective.
Potential economic effects
has slowed business activity and the growth of the Turkish economy. Practices indicative of corruption include bribery, embezzlement, theft and fraud.
Growth
Corruption affects the institutional structures promoting growth in Turkey:
Property rights: If government officials are bribed to seize properties from people, investments decrease as potential investors lose confidence.
Patents and copyrights: Corruption increases theft and fraud, decreasing the flow of innovative technology.
Efficient financial institutions: Corruption decreases the efficiency of financial institutions, such as banks. Corrupt government officials have collaborated with large banks to manipulate the country’s economy for their gain, decreasing trust placed in the banking system.
Literacy and universal education: Corrupt government officials decrease spending on infrastructure and education, using the money saved for speculation.
Free trade: Domestic businesses bribe government officials to raise tariffs, decreasing demand for imports and increasing demand for domestic goods.
Economic development is the increase in standard of living and economic health of a country, reflected in its Human Development Index. For a country to develop economically it must invest in capital goods, such as infrastructure, health care and education. Unlike consumer goods, which promote immediate wealth for a nation, capital goods promote future development and a higher standard of living. Corruption affects economic development in the following ways:
Decreased spending on capital goods: A corrupt government spends less on capital goods, such as health care and education. This affects a country's population as its standard of living stalls or falls. In Turkey, 79.6 percent of health-care costs are covered by the Social Security Institution.
Abuses of power: Corruption encourages a government to use its power in ways detrimental to the majority of its citizens.
Misappropriation of funds: To reduce taxation corrupt government officials often send their money overseas, reducing the money supply. A loss of money encourages the printing of more money, triggering inflation.
