Classis Misenensis


The classis Misenensis, later awarded the honorifics praetoria and Pia Vindex, was the senior fleet of the imperial Roman navy.

History

The classis Misenensis was founded by Caesar Augustus in 27 BCE, when the fleet of Italy, until then based mostly at Ostia, was moved to the new harbour of Portus Julius at Misenum in the Bay of Naples. It was commanded by a praefectus classis, drawn from the highest levels of the equestrian class, those earning more than 200,000 sesterces a year. Its mission was to control the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, and, as the honorific praetoria, awarded by Vespasian for its support during the civil war of 69 CE, suggests, the classis Misenensis, together with the classis Ravennatis, formed the naval counterpart of the Praetorian Guard, a permanent naval force at the emperor's direct disposal.
The classis Misenensis recruited its crews mostly from the East, especially from Egypt. Since Rome did not face any naval threat in the Mediterranean, the bulk of the fleet's crews were idle. Some of the sailors were based in Rome itself, initially housed in the barracks of the Praetorian Guard, but later given their own barracks, the Castra Misenatium near the Colosseum. There they were used to stage mock naval battles, and operated the mechanism that deployed the canvas canopy of the Colosseum. Among the sailors of this fleet, Nero levied the legio I Classis, and used some of its leading officers in the murder of his mother Agrippina the Younger.
In 192, the Misenum fleet supported Didius Julianus, and then participated in the campaign of Septimius Severus against Pescennius Niger, transporting his legions to the East. The fleet remained active in the East for the next few decades, where the emergence of the Persian Sassanid Empire posed a new threat. In 258–260, the classis Misenensis was employed in the suppression of a rebellion in North Africa.
In 324 the fleet's ships participated in the campaign of Constantine the Great against Licinius and his decisive naval victory in the Battle of the Hellespont. Afterwards, the bulk of the ships were moved to Constantinople, Constantine's new capital.

''Praefecti classis Misenensis''

The following list is based on Werner Eck and Hans Lieb, , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 96, pp. 86-88
NameTime frameSource
Tiberius Julius Optatus Pontianus52 = ILS 1986; = ILS 2815
Claudius Julianus69Tacitus, Historiae 3.57
Sextus Lucilius Bassus69 ; ; ; ; Tacitus, Historiae 2.100, 3.12
Claudius Apollinaris69Tacitus, Historiae 3.76f
Gaius Plinius Secundus79Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, 6.16.4
Quintus Marcius Turbo114;
o118/119
Julius Fronto129
Marcus Gavius Maximusca. 132/3
Marcus Calpurnius Seneca Fabius Turpio Sentinatianus134; = ILS 2736
Caecius Severus139-140; = RMD I 38
Valerius Paetus145
Titus Furius Victorinusca. 154 = ILS 9002
Tuticanius Capito158
Julius Crescens166
Publius Cominius Clemensca. 178 = ILS 1412;
Lucius Julius Vehilius Gratus Julianusca. 183/4 = ILS 1327
Gnaeus Marcius Rustius Rufinusbetween 190 and 210 = ILS 1343;
Claudius Diognetus209 = RMD-I 73
Valerius Datus212RMD I 74
Claudius Dionysius214 = RMD II 131
Marcius Agrippa217Historia Augusta, "Vita Caracalla" 6,7
Appius Celer218?-221 = RMD-III 192; = RMD-IV 307
Licinius Hierocles229 = RMD II 133
Valerius Valensca. 238/40 = ILS 3756
Gaius Julius Alexander246 = ILS 9221
Aelius Aemilianus247
Marcus Cornelius Octavianusca. 260 = ILS 2774; = ILS 9006;

List of known ships

The following ship names and types of the classis Misenensis have survived:
By 79 this fleet had probably nothing larger than a quadrireme in service, for Pliny the Elder, commander of the fleet, investigated the eruption of Vesuvius in a quadrireme, presumably his flagship and the largest class of vessel in the fleet.