Chigils
The Chigil were a Turkic tribe known from the 7th century CE as living around Issyk Kul lake area. They were considered to be descended from two Yueban tribes: Chuyue and Chumi.
Etymology
Sinologist Yu. A. Zuev notes that the Chinese transcription of Chigil, 處月 Chǔyuè may be calqued as "abode of the Moon "; whereas 處密 Chǔmì ) as "abode of the Sun ", for Chinese 密 transcibed Middle Iranian theonym Mihr, the all-seeing Zoroastrian deity of covenent, oath, and light, vaguely associated with the Sun. However, Zuev cautions that neither Turkic-Buddhist texts, nor the Turkic-Manichaean literature and other sources containing information about Turkic Manichaeism, give a genealogical meaning in reference to the invocation of the Sun and Moon.Confusingly, Zuev also compares Chigil to Persian čihil "forty". Earlier, H. W. Bailey derived *Čömül from Iranic *čamṛta < čam- "to stride out like a warrior", thus "warrior striders"
History
Hamilton and Zuev saw the first reference to the Chigil as 職乙, whose Middle Chinese pronunciation was reconstructed by Zuev as tšįək-iət, as a Tiele tribe mentioned in Book of Sui, compiled by Wei Zheng. However, the original manuscript contains no punctuation, so different scholars read and reconstruct the ethonyms differently: for example, 薄落職乙咥 may also be read as Boluozhi and YidieAccording to medieval writers, the city of :ru:Жикиль|Chigil was at "a distance of a human voice" from Taraz. An 11th-century story by Mahmud Kashgari proposed a folk etymology of Chigil, which he dated back to the time of the Zu-l-Karnein 4th century BCE:
Kashghari says that the Oghuz Turks used to call "Chigil" all the Turks between the Oxus and Northern China.
A splinter group from the Chigils was the Shatuo 沙陀. A Shatuo noble, Keyong, was from the Shatuo Dragon tribe, bore the surname Zhuye 朱耶 ~ Zhuxie 朱邪, and later adopted the surname Li of the Tang emperors, first bestowed on Keyong's father Zhuxie Chixin. Keyong's son Li Cunxu would found of the Later Tang dynasty in Northern China, elevating the Shatuo to a regnal clan. Among the Shatuo, the dragon cult was predominant. The annals noted that Shatuo prayers "followed the old tradition of the northern custom" near Thunder-mountain, at the Dragon Gate.
Zuev paraphrases Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian, chpater 223, that "Shatuo is originally a Zhuxie tribe"; Zuev further asserts that Zhuxie reflects the Turkic jüz "hundred". The Chigil-Shatuo were Manichaeans, and "hundred" is not always a military team, but also a religious category yüz er "hundred monk men" as is stated, for example, on a number of the Manichaean Yenisei monuments of ancient Turkic writings. Thus yüz er, as opposed to otuz oglan or otuz er, is a category of dominating level..
The Chigils were prominent in the Kara-Khanid Khanate, where they formed the main body of the troops. The power in the Karakhanid state was divided between the nobility of two tribal groups, Chigils and Yagma, which in the 9th century formed the nucleus of the Karluk tribal union.
Chigils and Yagma, and also the Tuhsi, one of the Türgesh tribes, the remains of the Orkhon Turks, united in the Karluk tribal union, and the history of these tribes, at least since the 9th century, is indivisible. The Hudud al-'Ālam, compiled in 982–3 CE, describes the Chigils as members of the Karluk state, occupying the Zhetysu territories including regions around Issyk Kul to the north and east of the Karluks. They are described as possessing great riches and that their king "is one of themselves." It is also reported that "Some of them worship the Sun and the stars.". The Karluk Kaganate was divided into two parts, eastern and western, headed by their Kagans. The eastern Kagan was the senior Kagan, with his court in Kashgar and Balasagun. He was from the Chigil tribe and had the title Arslan Kara-Hakan. The western was the lesser Kagan, from the Yagma tribe, with the title Bogra Kara-Kagan and his court in Taraz, and later in Samarkand.
In the eleventh century the Chigils became independent. Kashgari writes that they consisted of three branches.
After the Mongol invasion of Turkestan, the Turks in northern Turkestan and in the Tien Shan region, among them the Chigils, Yagma, Karluks, Argu and Tuhsi, had to give up their territory to the eastern nomadic groups. They migrated to Transoxania and Kashgharia.
There are presently four villages in Turkey called Chigil, indicating that some Chigils migrated to Asia Minor after the Mongol invasion.
Religion
The Chigil were known for their religious dedication. The first depictions of the Chigils describe them as adherents of Manichaeism. Later sources describe the Chigils as Nestorian Christians. The Zhetysu area, a former Chigil territory, is rich with Christian and pre-Christian archaeological remains, and the Talas area is especially saturated with religious monuments and historical reports. the Gagauzes, a distinct Pontic Turkic tribe known for their steadfast adherence to Greek Orthodox Christianity, have a folk legend associating their descent from the Chigils.In Manichaeism, the lion, mighty and ruthless king of animals, is a central image. This demonstrates an imported ideology; the lion is not native to Central Asia, and so it originally did not have symbolic significance for the population there. The building found by the archaeologists, without traces of economic activities, served as a chapel of the inhabitants depicted in long robes: the Chigils, whose symbol was a lion.
The connection between Talas, Manichaeism and the Lion is recorded in the Turco-Manichean "Sacred book of two fundamentals", fragments of which were found in 1907 at Kara-Khoja in the Turpan oasis by Albert von Le Coq. The book was dedicated to the ruler of the Chigil-Arslan tribes, named Il-Tirgüg, Ap-Burguchan, Alp-Tarhan . It was completed in Argu-Talas city. A postscript in the manuscript noted an Arslan Mengü that used the book. Talas had four Manichean cloisters: in the Chigil-balyk, Kashu, Ordu-kent and Yigyan-kent.
In the middle of the 7th century, Chigils, Chumuls and Karluks were united by the Western Turkic yabgu Ashina Helu in his anti-Tang uprising. Zuev reconstructs Helu's Old Turkic name as *Aru, which, he contends, is identical with the Turkic-Manichean arïg.
"The dynastic strife between competing tribes of the Tuhsi and As in the Türgesh Kaganate also had religious significance. A new dynasty was established by Sakal of the Yellow-Tuhs tribe, who was challenged by Sülük, the leader of the Black-As tribe, who took over the Kagan's throne in 716. After Sülük's death, his son Tuhuoxian was raised to Kaganship in Suyab in 738. Zuev resconstructed Tuhuoxian's underlying Old Turkic form as *Tuhsan, which he proposed to also underlie Tourxanthos, the name or title of an Ashina prince who had met Byzantine ambassador Valentinos back in 576. According to Zuev, the "Tuhs Sovereign" Sogdo-Türgesh coin was minted in Tuhuoxian's honor. Up until the 11th century, Tuhsis remained Manichaeans and were called Tuhsi-Chigil, i.e. "Tuhsi-Manicheans".