Cancellation (television)


In television, cancellation refers to the termination of a program by a network, typically because of low viewership, financial losses, low ratings, or unfavourable critical reviews. Other potential reasons for canceling television programs include controversies involving the program's cast, conflicts among the show's staff members or to make room for new programming.
Shows whose runs end due to a mutual creative decision by its creators, producers, cast, and the network it airs on are not considered to be "cancelled" but rather "concluded" or "ended", with a special last episode called its series finale. Even so, programs that end their runs in this manner are sometimes incorrectly stated to have been cancelled, even if the program was renewed for a final season ; shows that are cancelled traditionally end their runs during the television season in which the program airs first-run episodes at the time, either effective immediately after the announcement is made by the network or until all remaining episodes are broadcast.
The Friday night death slot is a perceived graveyard slot in American television, referring to the idea that a television program in the United States scheduled on Friday evenings is destined for imminent cancellation.

Overview

is supported by advertising, or viewers paying for TV-channels. Viewing figures are collected by audience measurement ratings agencies, and the programs with the highest viewing figures command a higher advertising fee for the network. As such, shows with a low viewership are generally not as profitable. For most United States networks, the number of viewers within the 18–49 age range is more important than the total number of viewers. According to Advertising Age, during the 2007–08 season, Grey's Anatomy was able to charge $419,000 per television commercial, compared to only $248,000 for a commercial during ', despite CSI having almost five million more viewers on average. Due to its strength in young demographics, Friends was able to charge almost three times as much for a commercial as Murder, She Wrote, even though the two television series had similar total viewer numbers during the seasons they were on the air together.
Other factors are considered as well, such as the cost to produce the show. For example, most game shows cost less money to produce than a drama series, so even if the game show has lesser ratings it may survive cancellation because of the higher profit margin. Game shows and self-contained reality shows, which can be produced on short order with very little preparation compared to scripted series and annual contests, may not be canceled in the same way, but merely have the network cease ordering episodes and end up in limbo ; in turn, these types of shows are also easily brought back if a network needs to produce filler programming quickly. Whether the show is produced by the network or an outside company can also factor into a show's future; networks, especially in the 21st century, tend to prefer shows that are produced in-house, as they can take advantage of vertical integration and, in addition to making money from the first run of the show on the network, continue to profit from syndicating the reruns. Thus, if two shows have similar ratings and expenses but one is produced by the network while the other is held by an outside company, the outsider program is more likely to be canceled. This was not an issue in the late 20th century, when Financial Interest and Syndication Rules prohibited American networks from owning syndicators.
Very rarely are television programs cancelled for reasons other than ratings or profitability. Notable cases are Turn-On and Australia's Naughtiest Home Videos, which were canceled after viewer and station outrage; Bridget Loves Bernie, which was forced off the air in 1973 despite high ratings because of threats of violence from Jewish radicals; Home Run Derby, which was canceled in 1960 due to the host's death before being revived as an annual event in 1986; Roseanne, which was cancelled in 2018 despite extremely strong ratings over objections to title star Roseanne Barr's social media comments ; Megan Wants a Millionaire, which was cancelled in August 2009 following the arrest warrant of one of the finalists; and Cops and Live PD, which were both cancelled in June 2020 as a result of protests following the murder of George Floyd. One example of a television program that was canceled because of war is the CBS Television Quiz, which was cancelled by CBS in May 1942 in order to allow the United States government to divert resources to World War II. Several television programs were also canceled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
A television series that attempts to tell a long, overarching story can be cancelled even before it resolves all story arcs and broadcasts all of its planned episodes. For some series in danger of being cancelled, the creators may try to end the current season finale on a cliffhanger to give fans the impression that the series truly is unfinished and needs to keep telling more stories, but even that may not work and can produce a strong bout of disappointment if the series is cancelled anyway.
Some series that are renewed and planned for another season can also be cancelled, like The Electric Company and '.

Saved from cancellation

Occasionally, a show may be revived, or brought back into production after being previously cancelled. Such was the case with Unforgettable, a CBS crime drama that was canceled in 2012, but was revived in the summer of 2013. Sometimes, one network may decide to air a series previously cancelled by another network. For example, Family Matters and Step by Step both moved from ABC to CBS in its ninth and final season of production. This is an uncommon occurrence, and few programs have successfully made audience gains when changing networks.
In other cases, overwhelming fan response may lead to a show's revival. The original series of was given an additional season after a letter-writing campaign from fans. Another successful letter-writing campaign helped revive Cagney & Lacey. In 2007, Jericho was given an additional seven-episode order after fans mailed thousands of pounds of nuts to network executives.
Strong home video sales and viewership on cable have also helped revive a series. Firefly and Police Squad! were revived in the form of theatrical films, Family Guy was returned to Fox, and Futurama returned in the form of straight to video films and a subsequent series of new television episodes for Comedy Central. Arrested Development was revived for a fourth season in 2013 as a Netflix Original Series, after episodes of its initial run proved popular on the streaming service.
In some situations, a television series may be revived years after being cancelled. Often this is in the form of a spin-off show featuring new characters. Doctor Who, which was cancelled by the BBC in 1989, was brought back in 2005 as a continuation of the original run of shows. Both franchises also produced spin-off films in the periods they were cancelled. This approach has seen increased exposure in the 2010s, with shows such as Girl Meets World, Fuller House, Will & Grace and Roseanne all returning to television approximately a full generation after the original series aired.
In 2018, FOX announced that it was cancelling the police procedural sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine. However, after massive fan outcry, the show was rescued by the American TV channel NBC, 31 hours after it was cancelled.
A show can instead be retooled if the network thinks that changes can be made to a struggling program that will make the show more profitable and/or higher-rated. In a retooling, characters may be replaced or recast, plots may be abandoned, and in extreme cases, continuity can be erased and the name of the show changed, depending on how extensive of a retool is undertaken. One example of such a scenario was Lovers and Friends, which was placed on hiatus in May 1977 and was retitled as For Richer, For Poorer when it returned in December 1977; the program would end in September 1978.

Cancellation in pop culture