Bonus-malus


The term bonus-malus is used for a number of business arrangements which alternately reward or penalize.
It is used, for example, in the call center and insurance industries.

Call centers

In call centers, a bonus-malus arrangement is a section in the contract between the company buying the call center services and the company providing the call center services allowing for a payment to be made from one company to the other. As part of the contract, both companies agree on a set of Key Performance Indicators. These are measurements for how the call center is performing. If the call center is performing poorly, then there would be a malus payment. If the call center is doing well, then there is a bonus payment from the buyer to the call center company. Bonus-malus payments are in addition to the normal cost of call center services.

Insurance

In insurance, a bonus-malus system is a system that adjusts the premium paid by a customer according to their individual claim history.
Bonus usually is a discount in the premium which is given on the renewal of the policy if no claim is made in the previous year. Malus is an increase in the premium if there is a claim in the previous year. Bonus-malus systems are very common in vehicle insurance. This system is also called a no-claim discount or no-claims bonus in Britain and Australia.
The fundamental principle of BMS is that the higher the claim frequency of a policyholder, the higher the insurance costs that on average are charged to the policyholder. This principle is also valid in an insurance arrangement consisting of a high maximum deductible which is common to all policyholders.

Automobile insurance

Most insurers around the world have introduced some form of merit-rating in automobile third party liability insurance. Such systems penalize at-fault accidents by premium surcharges and reward claim-free years by discounts, commonly known as a "no-claims discount".
The most usual BMS divides drivers by classes, where each class has its own discount or surcharge that is applied to the basic premium. A claim-free year implies in a decline of one or more degrees on the Bonus/Malus class table on the anniversary of the contract. A claim entails an increase of a given number of degrees on the Bonus/Malus scale on the anniversary of the contract. Generally, one degree corresponds to a 5% discount or surcharge. The starting class may depend on the driver's age, sex, place of residence, the car's horsepower. Each country has a different legislation, which rules how many degrees an insurer may increase or decrease, the maximum bonus or malus allowed and which statistics insurers can use to evaluate the starting class of a driver.
A BMS usually has an effect on road safety statistics, as it stimulates drivers to be careful and avoid accidents that would lead to the loss of bonus.
Most insurers have a policy whereby an unused bonus or NCD will expire in within two years. Insurers will discontinue a prior customers no claims bonus if they no longer have an insurance policy.

Bonus hunger

There is a basic question under Bonus-malus system based on insurance customer’s point of view, that is, “Should an insurance customer carry an incurred loss himself, or should he make a claim to the insurance company?”. Hence, an insurance customer prefers to choose self-financing an occurred loss by carrying a small loss himself in order to avoid an increased future premium, instead of financing the loss by compensation from the insurance company. This strategy is called bonus hunger of the insurance customer. In this strategy, the insurance customer prefers the most profitable financial alternative, after a loss occurrence. A well-designed bonus-malus system must take bonus hunger into consideration.

Executive compensation

In executive compensation, particularly at banks, bonus-malus refers to schemes where annual bonuses are held in escrow, and can be reduced retroactively in case of losses in future years.
The intention is to align incentives better and encouraging a long-term view in directors, by discouraging the taking of risks which may yield short-term profits but with long-term losses.
Such a system was proposed by Raghuram Rajan in January 2008.
Author Jim Collins proposed that executives be expected to buy stock with their own money taking on both up-side rewards and down-side risk.
In November 2008, UBS AG announced a change to its executive compensation scheme implementing such a system, which it dubbed a "bonus-malus" system.

French Insurance Price Calculation

In France, the prices of insurance are calculated as function of the car type, subscribed insurance options, and also Bonus/Malus value, stating how many years the driver used the car without any accident or another event relevant to the insurance. It means, that the bonus/malus is assigned to the insured person and also to family members, who are allowed to drive the car.
The bonus can be transferred between insurance companies.
Year of insuranceInsurance discount coefficient
Insurance discount
Bonus for
professionals		Insurance discount
for professionals
01.000%1.000%
10.955%0.937%
20.9010%0.8614%
30.8515%0.7921%
40.8020%0.7327%
50.7624%0.6733%
60.7228%0.6238%
70.6832%0.5743%
80.6436%0.5347%
90.6040%0.5050%
100.5743%--
110.5446%--
120.5149%--
130.5050%--

French taxation

In France, cars are taxed or credited if their carbon emissions are above or below certain targets. The limits change every year.

French registration document (carte grise)

The environmental tax is also applied as a malus, to all vehicles newly registered after 1 January 2008, affecting all passenger cars emitting more than 109 g of per kilometer emissions. This tax is paid when the registration document is done.
Currently, the certificate holder must pay a penalty to the registration, according to the following rates :
further taxes may apply according to vehicle classification.