Austrian nationality law
Nationality law in the Republic of Austria is based on the principle of jus sanguinis. In other words, one usually acquires Austrian citizenship if a parent is Austrian, irrespective of place of birth.
History
During 1812–1918, citizenship in the Austrian Empire was regulated by the Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch . The system of Heimatrecht was introduced in 1859, defining citizenship at the municipal level: Heimatrecht in a given municipality guaranteed the right of residence in that municipality and social support for destitute individuals. Suffrage for all male citizens with Heimatrecht was introduced in 1906.From 1863, municipalities were obliged to keep a record of all citizens. Most citizens would be registered as members of a parish of the Catholic Church ; for non-Catholics, a separate register was introduced in 1870. Citizenship was granted based on either descent or marriage, or via naturalization after ten years of residence. Citizenship could also be retracted in the case of an absence of longer than two years. By a principle of subsidiarity, citizenship in a municipality implied citizenship in the Crown land of that municipality.
General Austrian citizenship for all Cisleithanian Crown lands represented in the Imperial Council was introduced in 1867, with a separate Hungarian citizenship recognized for the lands of the Hungarian Crown.
The First Austrian Republic recognized all citizens of Republic of German-Austria as Austrian citizens, effective 13 December 1918.
Also recognized as citizens were all individuals with permanent residence in the territory of German-Austria since at least 1914. Individuals with Austrian citizenship outside of German-Austria were given the right to declare themselves German-Austrians and so receive citizenship.
The new constitution of 1920 introduced the system of States. Nationality law was now handled at the State level, still tied to municipal citizenship via the subsidiarity principle. A new nationality passed in 1925 permitted naturalization following a period of permanent residence of at least four years.
Between 13 March 1938 and 27 April 1945, Austria was part of Germany, and German nationality law applied. Those acquiring Austrian citizenship upon the establishment of the Second Austrian Republic in 1945 generally lost German citizenship on that date.
The Republic of Austria was established in 1955, and the current nationality law was originally passed in 1965, and renewed in 1985 to reflect gender equality, introducing perfect symmetry for the acquisition of nationality via marriage by either partner. The law has been updated several times, in 1986, 1988, 1993, 1994, 1997,1998, 2006 and 2013.
Birth in Austria
Birth in Austria does not in itself confer Austrian citizenship. However it may lead to a reduction in the residence requirement for naturalisation as an Austrian citizen. Foundlings under the age of 6 months are legally presumed to have Austrian citizenship.Descent from an Austrian parent
A child born to two Austrian parents is an Austrian citizen, regardless of the parents' marital status.If the parents are married at the time of birth, Austrian citizenship of either the mother or the father is sufficient, so long as the child was born after 1 September 1983. For children born prior to that date, the father must have been an Austrian citizen: children born to an Austrian mother married to a non-Austrian father do not qualify.
If the parents are not married, a mother automatically passes on Austrian citizenship. A father passes on citizenship if he acknowledges paternity or a court does so within eight weeks of the birth. Should the parents marry at some time after the birth, citizenship is automatically granted to the child retroactively. If the child is over 14 at that time, however, the child's consent is needed.
Naturalization as an Austrian citizen
It is possible to apply for Austrian citizenship by naturalization generally after 10 years of continuous residence in Austria.However in certain cases it is possible to apply earlier.
Additional requirements include:
- knowledge of the German language 'having due regard to the alien's personal circumstances'
- renunciation of foreign citizenship unless this is impractical
Naturalization as an Austrian citizen based on 10 years of continuous residence is discretionary.
Exemptions to the residence requirement
The residence requirement may be reduced or waived in the following cases:- recognized refugees
- citizens of other European Economic Area nations
- persons born in Austria
- former citizens of Austria
- persons with the knowledge of the German language on level B2 or with proof of substantial personal integration.
Entitlement to grant of Austrian citizenship
Minor children of a person granted Austrian citizenship are most often granted Austrian citizenship as well.
Spouses of Austrian citizens
- The marriage must have lasted for a minimum of 5 years.
- The spouse applicant must also have lived in Austria with a settlement permit for a minimum of 6 years.
Long residence in Austria
A person who has lived in Austria for 30 years, or 15 years in cases of 'sustained personal and occupational integration', is entitled to grant of Austrian citizenship.Former Austrian citizens
- Former citizens of Austria who lost citizenship other than by renunciation or deprivation may be granted Austrian citizenship after 1 year's residence in Austria. Austrian citizenship must have been possessed for 10 years before it was lost.
- A person who lost Austrian nationality as a child may re-acquire it by declaration within 2 years of turning 18.
Stateless persons born in Austria
Appointment to a professorship at an Austrian university
As a result of the fact that appointment to a professorship at an Austrian university or other institute of higher learning entailed being named a state official before the year 2001 :de:Österreichische Staatsbürgerschaft#cite note-19|3, foreign citizens formerly received Austrian citizenship immediately when they took office, without additionally applying for citizenship, or being compelled to do so :de:Österreichische Staatsbürgerschaft#cite note-20|4.Austria's entry into the European Union meant that citizens of other member countries now enjoyed the same rights to access to employment as Austrians. This meant that the automatic conferment of citizenship on professors was valid only for citizens of non-EU states :de:Österreichische Staatsbürgerschaft#cite note-21|5. However, since September 1, 2001, postings for university professorships are to be advertised exclusively as private-sector employment :de:Österreichische Staatsbürgerschaft#cite note-22|6. Therefore, the requirement of automatic conferment of citizenship on foreign-nationals named to professorships was rendered obsolete. This article was therefore determined to be no longer valid by the First Federal Constitutional Cleanup Law of January 4, 2008. :de:Österreichische Staatsbürgerschaft#cite note-23|7
The regulation for professors was thereby abolished by the revision of the law in 2008. :de:Österreichische Staatsbürgerschaft#cite note-24|8
Furthermore, spouses and minor unmarried children of those professors who were still named state officials previously also received Austrian citizenship by declaring, within one year of the spouse's/parent's acceptance as a citizen, "a desire to be a loyal citizen of the Republic". In this special case of naturalization, dual citizenship was permitted. A parliamentary survey :de:Österreichische Staatsbürgerschaft#cite note-25|9 on the number of people naturalized in this fashion showed that there had been no statistics collected on this point.
Loss of Austrian citizenship
An Austrian citizen who acquires another citizenship by voluntary action automatically loses Austrian citizenship. The exception is in cases where permission to retain Austrian citizenship has been obtained in advance. This may be difficult to obtain, as the aim of the lawgiver is to reduce the number of dual citizenships granted. Exceptions are made for situations where it is in the interest of the Republic of Austria to grant this dual citizenship, or in situations where the citizen would suffer hardship due to not having the second citizenship. If, for example, an Austrian citizen wants to obtain U.S. citizenship because he/she lives in the U.S. and, without a U.S. citizenship, would lose their green card due to being made to travel more than 180 days per year by their employer, then if they apply for permission to retain Austrian citizenship, that request is usually granted and has become almost a formality.The important part is that the application to retain Austrian citizenship is made before acquiring another citizenship. Otherwise the Austrian citizenship is automatically lost the moment a person obtains a foreign citizenship. The law can change at any time, however, especially should the power in the Austrian parliament shift dramatically after an election and a party opposed to the current law regains absolute majority.
Austrian citizenship is also automatically lost by serving in a foreign army.
Restoration of lost Austrian citizenship to Holocaust survivors and their descendants
From 1st September 2020 there will be provisions for Austrian Jews and any other Austrian citizens who left Austria before 15 May 1955 because they had either suffered persecution by the Nazi regime or had reason to fear such persecution, as well as those who had suffered persecution because of their support of democracy in Austria or had reason to fear such persecution, will be able to have their citizenship restored, while retaining any other citizenship they have since acquired. In addition, any direct descendants of those persons, including those adopted as minors, will be able to claim Austrian citizenship, without giving up any existing citizenship, and whether or not their ancestors have regained or claimed Austrian citizenship.Dual citizenship
Austrian law substantially restricts dual citizenship. In general, only the following categories of Austrian citizens may possess a foreign nationality:- those acquiring another nationality at birth, such as children born to Austrian parents in another country, thus automatically gaining citizenship of that country, or those born with an Austrian and a foreign parent.
- naturalized Austrian citizens who are unable to renounce their existing nationality.
- those who acquire Austrian citizenship on the basis of being appointed a professor at an Austrian university.
- Austrian citizens who naturalize in another country with permission obtained to retain Austrian citizenship. A famous example is actor and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger, who naturalised as a US citizen but was granted special permission to retain his Austrian citizenship.
- Israeli *Jews who had family in Austria.
- In special circumstances, like for actor Christoph Waltz, born in Vienna, where he also went to school and studied drama, who holds a German passport like his father, although his mother is Austrian. He has been granted Austrian citizenship in September 2010 after being awarded an Oscar in March for Best Actor in Tarantino's "Inglourious Basterds". The immediate approval of his citizenship application, however, fueled the debate on Austria’s immigration and citizenship policies that are regarded as heavily biased in favor of celebrity.
Citizenship of the European Union
Visa free travel
Visa requirements for Austrian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Austria. In 2017, Austrian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 173 countries and territories, ranking the Austrian passport 4th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley visa restrictions index.The Austrian nationality is ranked tenth in Nationality Index. This index differs from the Visa Restrictions Index, which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, in addition, to travel freedom on internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well.