Astronomy in Chile
Chile can be considered astronomy's world capital. In 2011, Chile was home to 42% of the world's astronomical infrastructure consisting mostly of telescopes. In 2015 it expected to contain around 70% of the global infrastructure by 2020. In the Atacama desert region of northern Chile, the skies are exceptionally clear and dry for more than 300 days a year. These conditions have attracted the world's scientific community to develop in the Atacama desert the most ambitious astronomical projects in the history of mankind.
Chile's diverse and active astronomical community includes Chilean and international professionals and others, such as astronomers, engineers, students, teachers and amateurs.
The first documented testimony of an astronomical measurement done in Chile is the observation of a lunar eclipse by the soldier Pedro Cuadrado Chavino. He used a classic Greek method to obtain the latitude of the city of Valdivia based on the eclipse's measurements. In 1849, during the government of Manuel Bulnes, a scientific mission from the U.S. navy led by James Melville Gilliss arrived in Chile for observing Venus and Mars to calculate the Earth-Sun distance. The Gilliss mission established the first astronomical observatory in the Cerro Santa Lucia. In 1852, the facilities were transferred to Chile and the National Astronomical Observatory was created.
During the second half of the 20th century, observatories from the U.S. and Europe were installed in different locations at the north of the country: La Silla, Cerro Tololo, Las Campanas and later Cerro Paranal, Cerro Pachon and Chajnantor.
Chilean Astronomical Institutions
Professional astronomy
- Spanish & English
- Spanish & English
- Spanish
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Northern Chile
- , University of Antofagasta
- , University of La Serena
- , Catholic University of the North
Central Chile
- ,
- ,
- , University of Valparaíso
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- , University of Santiago.
Southern Chile
- .
Amateur astronomy
- Cerro Los Condores Observatory
- Department of Astronomy, University of Concepcion
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International astronomical institutions in Chile
- , USA)
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Observatories
Existing facilities
- National Astronomical Observatory
- Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory: NOAO telescopes, SMART consortium, GONG, PROMPT, ALPACA.
- Cerro Pachon Observatory: Gemini Observatory, SOAR Telescope.
- Llano de Chajnantor Observatory: Cosmic Background Imager, Atacama Pathfinder Experiment, Q/U Imaging ExperimenT QUIET,
- Pampa La Bola and Purico Complex: Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment, NANTEN2 Observatory
- : Very Large Telescope, Visible & Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy.
- Atacama Large Millimeter Array
- : ESO telescopes,
- : Carnegie telescopes, Magellan telescopes, Birmingham Solar Oscillations Network
- Cerro El Roble Observatory
- Manuel Foster Observatory
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Future facilities
- to be located at Las Campanas Observatory.
- European Extremely Large Telescope to be located in Cerro Armazones.
- to be located in Cerro Pachón Observatory.
- Overwhelmingly Large Telescope: not confirmed location. Potential sites in Chile are located in Antofagasta region.
Light pollution
- Light Pollution Office : depends on the Comision Nacional de Medio Ambiente and the international observatories.
- : National section of the International Dark-Sky Association.
Education
Undergraduate programs
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Graduate programs
- Master in Astronomy
- Ph.D in Astronomy
- Ph.D. in Astronomy
School programs
- CADIAS
- . Astronomy Department, University of Concepcion.
People
Professional astronomers
In Chile
In Chile there are more than 100 astronomers, some are:- Main Research Areas: Supernova and High-Performance Computing, member of the "High-Z Supernova Search Team". For this work the PI of the team, Brian P. Schmidt, was awarded the Physics Nobel Prize in 2011 for the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the Universe.
- Mario Hamuy. Main Research Areas: Supernovae, Distance Scale, Observational Cosmology. Main Awards: Guggenheim Scholarship Hamuy is the second most cited scientist in Chile, and the most cited Chilean astronomer according to is SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System.
- Main Research Area: Birth & Evolution of Structures in the Universe
- . Main Research Area: Supernovae. Main Award: National Prize for Exact Sciences
- , Main Research Areas: Birth & Evolution of Structures in the Universe, Star Populations.
- : Main Research Area: Brown Dwarfs. Main Award: National Prize for Exact Sciences
- Main Research Area: Star Formation
- ,
- , Main Research Areas: Molecular Clouds, Star Formation & Galactic and Structure, Astronomical Instrumentation
- ,
- Ramirez, Amelia : dynamics and evolution of galaxies, galaxy groups and clusters.
- Munoz Ferrada, Carlos: Main Research Area: Geodynamics
Chilean astronomers overseas
Engineers
- Seguel, Juan : site testing of potentian astronomical places.
Amateur astronomers and teachers
- Gomez, Arturo: discoverer of the Gomez's Hamburger, a protoplanetary disk around a young low mass star.
- Jimenez, Carmen Gloria: teacher and psychologist working as Educational and Outreach Expert for the Astronomy Department of the Universidad de Concepcion. She is widely known for participating in the NASA's program "Teachers in Space" with chances to visit the International Space Station or participate as ground-based support for space missions of teachers.
- Picetti, Battista: physics and astronomy teacher in the Seminario Conciliar de La Serena. He won the Michael Faraday Award for the Best Physics Teacher in 2007. Father Picetti is also the creator of El Tololito and Cerro Mayu Observatory
Planetariums
- Planetarium of the Universidad de Santiago
- Gemini's Mobible Planetariums
- The Rapanui Planetarium located in Hanga Roa, Rapa Nui. The Planetarium has agreements with the Department of Astronomy of the University of Concepción as well as the University of Valparaíso. It offers free weekly activities for an average of 305 local schoolchildren from the following institutions: Liceo Lorenzo Baeza Vega, Hona'a o te Mana Aldea Educativa Rapa Nui, Colegio San Sebastián de Akivi, and Colegio Católico Hermano Eugenio Eyraud de Rapa Nui. This is a private venture founded by archaeoastronomers Edmundo Edwards and Barthelemy d'Ans to promote Rapanui and Polynesian ethnoastronomy in addition to traditional astronomy.
Publications and books
- Supernovas, José Maza, Mario Hamuy.
- Hijos de las estrellas, Maria Ruiz.
- Astronomía Contemporánea, José Maza
- Mundos lejanos, Dante Minniti.
- Con ojos de gigantes: la observación astronómica en el siglo XXI, L. Felipe Barrientos y Sebastian Lopez, Ediciones B. 2008
Astronomy in the media and news sites
- extensive collection of astronomy & travel resources in Chile