The Romans replaced the usage of Greek coins, first by bronze ingots, then by disks known as aes rude. The system thus named as was introduced in ca. 280 BC as a large cast bronze coin during the Roman Republic. The following fractions of the as were also produced: the bes , semis, Quincunx , triens, quadrans, sextans , uncia , also a common weight unit), and semuncia, as well as multiples of the as, the dupondius, sestertius, tressis. an as After the as had been issued as a cast coin for about seventy years, and its weight had been reduced in several stages, a sextantal as was introduced. At about the same time a silver coin, the denarius, was also introduced. Earlier Roman silver coins had been struck on the Greek weight standards that facilitated their use in southern Italy and across the Adriatic, but all Roman coins were now on a Roman weight standard. The denarius, or 'tenner', was at first tariffed at tenasses, but in about 140 B.C. it was retariffed at sixteen asses. This is said to have been a result of financing the Punic Wars. During the Republic, the as featured the bust of Janus on the obverse, and the prow of a galley on the reverse. The as was originally produced on the libral and then the reduced libral weight standard. The bronze coinage of the Republic switched from being cast to being struck as the weight decreased. During certain periods, no asses were produced at all.
Following the coinage reform of Augustus in 23 BC, the as was struck in reddish pure copper, and the sestertius or 'two-and-a-halfer' and the dupondius were produced in a golden-colored alloy of bronze known by numismatists as orichalcum. The as continued to be produced until the 3rd century AD. It was the lowest valued coin regularly issued during the Roman Empire, with semis and quadrans being produced infrequently, and then not at all sometime after the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The last as seems to have been produced by Aurelian between 270 and 275 and at the beginning of the reign of Diocletian.
The as, under its Greek nameassarion, was re-established by the Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and minted in great quantities in the first half of the 14th century. It was a low-quality flat copper coin, weighing ca. 3–4 grams and forming the lowest denomination of contemporary Byzantine coinage, being exchanged at 1:768 to the gold hyperpyron. It appears that the designs on the assarion changed annually, hence they display great variations. The assarion was replaced in 1367 by two other copper denominations, the tournesion and the follaro.
