Animal latrines are places where wildlife animals habitually defecate and urinate. Many kinds of animals are highlyspecific in this respect and have stereotyped routines, including approach and departure. Many of them have communal, i.e., shared, latrines.
Animals with dedicated defecation sites
Animals with communal latrines include raccoons, Eurasian badgers, elephants, deer, antelopes, horses, and dicynodonts. A regularly used toilet area or dunghill, created by many mammals, such as hyraxes or moles, is also called a midden. Some lizards, such as yakka skinks and thorny devils use dedicated defecation sites. European rabbits may deposit their pellets both randomly over the range and at communal latrine sites.
Function and impact
Territoriality
Middens and other types of defecation sites may serve as territorial markers. Elaborate "dungpile rituals" are reported for adult stallions, and deer bucks, which are thought to serve for confrontation avoidance. In contrast, female and young animals exhibit no such behavior.
Sanitation
Dedicated defecation sites are thought to be the result of sanitation-driven behavior. For example, spider miteStigmaeopsis miscanthi constructs woven nests, and nest members defecate at only one site inside the nest. Dedicated latrine areas observed by free-roaming horses mean that grazing area is kept parasite-free. Even stabled horses seem to have vestiges of such behavior. Herbivoral livestock is at risk of parasite/pathogen exposure from feces during grazing, therefore there is an interest in research of livestock behavior in presence of feces both of their own species, and others, including wildlife, including the dependence on defecation patterns.
Ecological impact
Latrines of herbivores, such as antelopes, play an important role in ecology by providing enrichment of certain areas in nutrients. It is described that duiker and steenbok antelopes tended to defecate in exposed sites, generally on very sandy soil, while klipspringer preferred rocky outcrops, thus enriching the nutrient-deficient areas, as well as depositing plant seed there.
Raccoon latrines
A common nuisance of raccoons is raccoon latrines, which may contain eggs of the roundworm Baylisascaris procyonis. Nuisance raccoon latrines may be found in attics, on flat roofs, on logs, in yards and sandboxes, etc.
Some fungi are animal latrine associates. For example, Hebeloma radicosum is an ammonia fungus which associates with latrines of moles, wood mice, and shrews. There is a curious association of Cucumis humifructus with latrines of aardvarks. C. humifructusproduces its fruit underground, the aardvark burrows for them, and then deposits its seeds in dunghills near its habitat. The distribution of C. humifructus tends to match that of aardvark latrines. Some insects feed on animal excrement and hence are natural associates of dung sites.
