André Charles Adrien Tollet was a French upholsterer, trade unionist and communist. He played a central role as chairman of the Paris liberation committee in the days leading up to the Liberation of Paris in 1944.
Early years
André Charles Adrien Tollet was born on 1 July 1913, in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. His father was a small tradesman. He left school in 1926 at the age of thirteen and became an apprentice upholsterer in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine. He recorded in his memoirs that the district still retained its traditions from the French Revolution, and that he paraded for the first time before he was fifteen. He joined the Confédération générale du travail unitaire at the age of 16, then joined the Jeunesses communistes, where he was made responsible for young apprentices. Raymond Guyot invited Tollet to represent the Communist Youth in 1936 at the Red Syndicalist International in Moscow. After his return to Paris he participated in the May–June 1936 strikes. He became a full-time union worker in 1936, and was secretary of the Departmental Union of Parisian workers' unions. He supported the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War by organizing collections, and in 1938 went to Spain with a convoy of shoes. In Spain he met Henri Tanguy, a Parisian from a Breton family who was political commissar of the XIV International Brigade.
Tollet was mobilized at the start of World War II. After the Fall of France, in July 1940 Tollet, Eugène Hénaff and Jean-Pierre Timbaud began to form popular committees in the work places and clandestine unions. He was arrested in October 1940 with other communist party politicians and activists, and was imprisoned for fifteen months in Fresnes Prison and then in the Rouillet camp. He was transferred to Royallieu-Compiègne internment camp. He escaped from this camp through a tunnel on 22 June 1942 with 18 other communist militants, and joined the clandestine organization of the French Communist Party. Tollet was appointed head of the PCF in Seine Inférieure, and took charge of communist union activities in the Seine department. He worked with Léon Jouhaux and Robert Bothereau to reunite the clandestine CGT, leading to the Perraux accords of May 1943. In October 1943 he was named chairman of the Paris liberation committee. After the Allied landings in June 1944, Tollet helped organize the public demonstrations in Paris, particularly that of 14 July 1944, and to organize the insurrectionist general strike. The 14 July 1944 strike had been ordered on 10 July 1944 by Charles Tillon, leader of the communist Francs-Tireurs et Partisans. Tollet demanded that the National Council of the Resistance be the "official mouthpiece of the provisional government" rather than General Charles de Gaulle's appointees. Tollet urged an immediate nationwide insurrection, while de Gaulle did not want to provide arms to civilians and opposed premature action. With the allied armies approaching Paris, Tollet managed to persuade the CPL to support insurrection on 18 August 1944. The French forces under de Gaulle entered Paris on 24 August 1944. The general did not go to the Hôtel de Ville, where Georges Bidault with the CNR and Tollet with the PCL were waiting for him. Instead he went first to the Ministry of War, where the center of government was established, and then to the Prefecture of Police, before finally visiting the Hôtel de Ville. After the liberation of Paris de Gaulle did not appoint Tollet head of the city council, as might have been expected given his position. Tollet was made a member of the Provisional Consultative Assembly in 1944, but played a minor role.
