The Agrio Formation was first described by Weaver in 1931 and its three members, from bottom to top: Pilmatué, Avilé and Agua de la Mula Members, were defined by Leanza and Hugo in 2001. The formation crops out in an approximately wide band from north to south along 70° longitude west, from 37° to 39° south in the northern-central part of the Neuquén Basin. The southern termination of the formation is the Huincul High, formed by the Huincul Fault. Towards the east in the basin, the formation grades into the Centenario Formation.
Stratigraphy
The Agrio Formation is included in the Mendoza Group, representing its youngest formation. In the east of the Neuquén Basin, the formation rests upon continental clastic deposits of the Mulichinco Formation, with the contact between the two formations characterized by a regional transgressive surface. Towards the west, the formation unconformably overlies the Bajada Colorada Formation. In its eastern part, the Agrio Formation is overlain by the clastic, carbonaceous and evaporitic deposits of the Huitrín Formation and in the western area by the La Amarga Formation. The total thickness of the Agrio Formation reaches up to, with the Pilmatué Member having a thickness of and the Agua de la Mula Member reaching.
Lithologies
The Agrio Formation is primarily composed ofpelitic rocks with intercalations of limestones, sandstones and rare fine conglomerates. The Pilmatué and Agua de la Mula Members are characterized by thick successions of black shales with intercalating limestones and sandstones. The Avilé Member comprises sandstones and claystones with conglomerates.
The Agrio Formation was deposited in a post-rift setting of the Neuquén Basin, probably representing a tectonic regime of thermal subsidence. The sediments of the lower and upper members of the formation are marine in character, interpreted as the combination of thermal subsidence and a eustatic sea level rise. The middle Avilé member was deposited in a fluvial environment. Within the marine Pilmatué Member, a succession of approximately thick, described as "San Eduardo Beds", is recognized as deposited in a wave-dominated deltaic setting with hyperdense currents. This sequence is overlain by about thick limestones deposites in a reefal environment. The presence of the newly described gastropodEunerinea mendozana led researchers to estimate tropical conditions for the Agrio Formation.
Fossil content
The formation has provided many fossils of ammonites, gastropods, bivalves, corals, decapods, echinoids and crinoids. In 2018, ichthyosaur remains not determined to the genus level were described from the Agrio Formation, suggesting the possibility of viviparity of these marine reptiles in the epireic sea of the Neuquén Basin. The finds were notable as well because of a relative lack of abundance of ichthyosaur fossils from the Valanginian to Hauterivian worldwide. Fossil fish of Gyrodus huiliches, and Tranawuen agrioensis were described from the formation in 2019. The decapod Palaeohomarus pacificus, and ammonites Curacoites rotundus and Sabaudiella riverorum were described from the formation in 2012, the gastropods Ampullina pichinka and Mesalia? kushea in 2016, and the ammonite Comahueites aequalicostatus in 2018. Newly described species of fish, Tranawuen agrioensis, ammonite, Holcoptychites agrioensis, and the bivalve Pholadomya agrioensis were named after the formation. The first known brittle stars in the Southern Hemisphere and Cretaceous age have been identified in Agrio Formation. However, fossils are not complete enough to define species.
Petroleum geology
The Agrio Formation is considered the third-most important source rock of the hydrocarbon-rich Neuquén Basin, after the older Vaca Muerta and Los Molles Formations. Two levels of organic-rich sediments exist in the formation, related to the marine transgressions of the late Valanginian and the late Hauterivian, in the Pilmatué and Agua de la Mula Members respectively. The marly shales of the Pilmatué Member reach up to thickness in the western Neuquén Basin, while the same facies in the Agua de la Piedra Member is less than thick. The organic properties of the formation are similar to the Vaca Muerta, with a TOCvalue averaging 2.5%, with some levels up to 5%. The kerogen types are II to II/III.
