1873 in science
The year 1873 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.Chemistry
- Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff and Joseph Achille Le Bel, working independently, develop a model of chemical bonding that explains the chirality experiments of Pasteur and provides a physical cause for optical activity in chiral compounds.
Exploration
- August 7 – Amalie Dietrich arrives in Australia to begin a decade of collecting specimens in natural history and anthropology
- The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition discovers Franz-Josef Land
Mathematics
- Charles Hermite proves that the mathematical constant e is a transcendental number
- Henri Brocard introduces the Brocard points, Brocard triangle and Brocard circle
Meteorology
- September 15 – agreement for establishment of the International Meteorological Organization
Physics
- February 20 – English electrical engineer Willoughby Smith publishes his discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium
- June 14 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals defends his thesis, at Leiden University; in this, he introduces the concepts of molecular volume and molecular attraction; gives a semi-quantitative description of the phenomena of condensation and critical temperatures; and derives the van der Waals equation
- September 22 – James Clerk Maxwell delivers a discourse on molecules to the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Bradford
- December – J. Willard Gibbs describes the principle of Gibbs free energy
- James Clerk Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism first presents the partial differential equations known as Maxwell's equations which form the foundation of classical electrodynamics, optics and electric circuits
- Frederick Guthrie is the first to report observing thermionic emission
Physiology and medicine
- June 18 – Alice Vickery passes the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's examination, becoming the first qualified female pharmacist in the United Kingdom
- Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, is discovered by Norwegian physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen. It is the first bacterium to be identified as pathogenic in humans.
- Camillo Golgi first publishes a demonstration of Golgi's method.
Technology
- May 20 – Jacob W. Davis and Levi Strauss receive United States patent#139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim jeans
- Carl von Linde installs his first commercial refrigeration system, built by Maschinenfabrik Augsburg for the Spaten Brewery and using dimethyl ether as the refrigerant
- Christopher Miner Spencer introduces the fully automatic turret lathe
Awards
- Copley Medal: Hermann Helmholtz
- Wollaston Medal for geology: Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton
Births
- February 11 – Louis Charles Christopher Krieger, American mycologist
- February 12 – Barnum Brown, American paleontologist
- March 5 – Thomas Harrison Montgomery, Jr., American zoologist and cell biologist
- April 25 – Félix d'Herelle, French-Canadian microbiologist, a co-discoverer of bacteriophages
- June 28 – Alexis Carrel, French surgeon, biologist and winner of a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- June 30 – Friedrich Karl Georg Fedde, German botanist
- July 7 – Sándor Ferenczi, Hungarian psychoanalyst
- October 4 – Dimitrie Pompeiu, Romanian mathematician
- October 9 – Karl Schwarzschild, German astronomer and physicist
Deaths
- January 27 – Adam Sedgwick, English geologist
- February 1 – Matthew Fontaine Maury, American oceanographer
- April 18 – Justus von Liebig, German chemist
- March 10 – John Torrey, American botanist
- March 30 – Bénédict Morel, French psychiatrist
- September 15 – Alexei Fedchenko, Russian naturalist
- October 17 – Robert McClure, British Arctic explorer
- December 14 – Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American zoologist and geologist